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| Latest New Drug Approvals
Lybrel (levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol) Low Dose Continuous Regimen Date of Approval: May 22, 2007 Company: Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc. Treatment for: Contraception Lybrel is a low-dose combination contraceptive pill taken continuously (without a pill-free interval) and over time may eliminate scheduled menstrual periods. Lybrel is indicated for the prevention of pregnancy. Date of Approval: May 11, 2007 Company: Dey, L.P. Treatment for: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Perforomist is an inhalation solution formulation of the long-acting beta(2)-adrenergic agonist formoterol fumarate, indicated for the long-term, twice-daily maintenance treatment of bronchoconstriction for emphysema and chronic bronchitis, also known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Neupro (rotigotine) Transdermal System Date of Approval: May 9, 2007 Company: Schwarz Pharma Treatment for: Parkinson's Disease Neupro is a non-ergolinic dopamine agonist transdermal system, administered once daily for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of early-stage idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Date of Approval: May 3, 2007 Company: Indevus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Treatment for: Central Precocious Puberty Supprelin-LA is a once-yearly implant of the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analog histrelin, indicated for the treatment of central precocious puberty (CPP), the premature onset of puberty in children. AzaSite (azithromycin) Ophthalmic Solution Date of Approval: April 27, 2007 Company: InSite Vision Incorporated Treatment for: Bacterial Conjunctivitis AzaSite is an ophthalmic formulation of the well-known, broad-spectrum antibiotic azithromycin indicated for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Date of Approval: April 27, 2007 Company: GlaxoSmithKline Treatment for: Allergy Symptoms Veramyst is an intranasal corticosteroid administered once-daily for the treatment of seasonal and year- round allergy symptoms in adults and children two years of age and older. Date of Approval: April 17, 2007 Company: Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Treatment for: Prevention of H5N1 Influenza (Avian Influenza) Influenza Virus Vaccine, H5N1 is an inactivated influenza virus vaccine indicated for immunization of persons 18 through 64 years of age who are at increased risk of exposure to the H5N1 influenza virus, commonly referred to as avian influenza or "bird flu." Reclast (zoledronic acid) Infusion - formerly Aclasta Date of Approval: April 16, 2007 Company: Novartis Treatment for: Paget's Disease Reclast, a bisphosphonate, is the first approved treatment for Paget's disease patients to be given as a single-dose infusion compared to current oral therapies that must be taken daily for up to six months. Date of Approval: April 12, 2007 Company: GlaxoSmithKline Treatment for: Impetigo Altabax is a topical antibiotic indicated for the treatment of impetigo in adults and children aged 9 months and older. Janumet (sitagliptin and metformin) Tablets Date of Approval: March 30, 2007 Company: Merck & Co., Inc. Treatment for: Diabetes Mellitus Type II Janumet is a combination of the oral antihyperglycemic drugs sitagliptin and metformin indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ceprotin (Protein C Concentrate (Human)) Injection Date of Approval: March 30, 2007 Company: Baxter Healthcare Corporation Treatment for: Severe Congenital Protein C Deficiency Ceprotin is a plasma-derived Protein C concentrate for use as replacement therapy in patients with life-threatening blood-clotting complications related to severe congenital Protein C deficiency. Date of Approval: March 16, 2007 Company: Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Treatment for: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) Soliris is a monoclonal antibody indicated for the treatment of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) to reduce hemolysis. Tykerb (lapatinib ditosylate) Tablets Date of Approval: March 13, 2007 Company: GlaxoSmithKline Treatment for: Breast Cancer Tykerb is a kinase inhibitor indicated in combination with Xeloda (capecitabine) for the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer whose tumors overexpress HER2 and who have received prior therapy including an anthracycline, a taxane, and trastuzumab. Tekturna (aliskiren) Tablets - formerly Rasilez Date of Approval: March 5, 2007 Company: Novartis Treatment for: High Blood Pressure Tekturna, the first in a new class of drugs called direct renin inhibitors, is a once-daily oral therapy indicated for the treatment of high blood pressure as monotherapy or in combination with other high blood pressure medications. Company: Abbott Treatment for: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Crohn’s Disease, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) Capsules - formerly NRP104 Date of Approval: February 23, 2007 Company: Shire plc/New River Pharmaceuticals Treatment for: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children Vyvanse is an amphetamine derivative prodrug administered once-daily for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Vyvanse was developed to lower abuse potential by remaining therapeutically inactive until metabolized in the body. Cymbalta (duloxetine) Delayed-Release Capsules Company: Eli Lilly and Company Treatment for: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain (DPNP), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Alli (orlistat) 60 mg Capsules Date of Approval: February 7, 2007 Company: GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Treatment for: Weight Loss Alli is an over-the-counter weight-loss product containing orlistat, the same ingredient in prescription strength Xenical. Alli is indicated for weight loss in overweight adults 18 years and older when used along with a reduced-calorie, low-fat diet. Amrix (cyclobenzaprine) Extended-Release Capsules Date of Approval: February 1, 2007 Company: ECR Pharmaceuticals Treatment for: Muscle Spasm Amrix is an extended-release formulation of the skeletal muscle relaxant cyclobenzaprine, indicated as an adjunct to rest and physical therapy for relief of muscle spasm associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions. Flector (diclofenac epolamine) Topical Patch Date of Approval: January 31, 2007 Company: Institut Biochimique SA Treatment for: Acute Pain due to minor strains, sprains, and contusions Flector is a transdermal patch formulation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, indicated for the topical treatment of acute pain due to minor strains, sprains, and contusions. | | |
| Definition Anticonvulsant Drugs are medicines used to prevent or treat convulsions (seizures).
Purpose Anti Convulsant Drugs are used to control seizures in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy is not a single disease. It is a set of symptoms that may have different causes in different people. The common thread is an imbalance in the brain's electrical activity. This imbalance causes seizures, that may affect part or all of the body and may or may not cause a loss of consciousness. anticonvulsant drugs act on the brain to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.
Description Anticonvulsant Drugs include such medicines as Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, and Valproic Acid. The drugs are available only with a physician's prescription and come in tablet, capsule, liquid, and "sprinkle" forms.
ANTI- ANGINA DRUGS
Anti-Angina drugs are medicines that relieve the symptoms of Angina Pectoris (severe chest pain).
Purpose
The dull, tight chest pain of Angina occurs when the heart's muscular wall is not getting enough oxygen. By relaxing the blood vessels, Anti-Angina Drugs reduce the heart's work load and increase the amount of oxygen-rich blood that reaches the heart. These drugs come in different forms, and are used in three main ways:
- Taken regularly over a long period, they reduce the number of angina attacks.
- Taken just before some activity that usually brings on an attack, such as climbing stairs, they prevent attacks.
- Taken when an attack begins, they relieve the pain and pressure.
Description
Anti-Angina Drugs, also known as Nitrates, come in many different forms: tablets and capsules that are swallowed; tablets that are held under the tongue, inside the lip, or in the cheek until they dissolve; stick-on patches; ointment; and in-the-mouth sprays. Commonly used Anti-Angina Drugs include Isosorbide Dinitrate and Nitroglycerin. These medicines are available only with a physician's prescription.
ANTI- FUNGAL DRUGS
Systemic Anti-Fungal Drugs are medicines taken by mouth or by injection to treat infections caused by a fungus.
Purpose
Systemic Anti-Fungal Drugs are used to treat infections in various parts of the body that are caused by a fungus. A fungus is a one-celled form of life. Unlike a plant, which makes its own food, or an animal, which eats plants or other animals, a fungus survives by invading and living off other living things. Fungi thrive in moist, dark places, including some parts of the body.
Description
Systemic Anti-Fungal Drugs, such as Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, and Miconazole are available only by prescription. They are available in tablet, capsule, liquid, and injectable forms. ANTI- ITCH DRUGS
Anti-Itch drugs are medicines taken by mouth or by injection to relieve itching.
Purpose
The medicine usually used is a type of anti-histamine used to relieve itching caused by allergic reactions. An allergic reaction occurs when the body is unusually sensitive to some substance, such as pollen, dust, mold, or certain foods or medicine. The body reacts by releasing a chemical called Histamine that causes itching and other symptoms, such as sneezing and watery eyes. Anti-Histamines reduce the symptoms by blocking the effects of histamine.
Hydroxyzine is also prescribed for anxiety and to help people relax before or after having general anesthesia.
Description
Anti-Itch Drugs, also called anti-pruritic drugs, are available only with a physician's prescription and come in tablet and injectable forms.
ANTI- VIRAL DRUGS
Anti-Viral Drugs are medicines that cure or control virus infections.
Purpose
Anti-Virals are used to treat infections caused by viruses. Several different drugs in the Anti-Viral family exist, and each is used for specific kinds of viral infections.
Other types of anti-viral drugs, such as Amantadine and Rimantadine are used to prevent or treat certain kinds of Influenza (Flu). They are given either alone or in combination with flu shots. These drugs will not work for common colds, other types of flu, or other virus infections, however.
Description
Rather than killing the viruses, Anti-Viral Drugs block steps in the process through which viruses reproduce. Some may also stimulate the immune system so that the body can fight the viruses itself.
Anti-viral drugs are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in capsule, tablet, liquid, ointment, and injectable forms. ANTI- DIABETIC DRUGSAnti-Diabetic Drugs are medicines that help control blood sugar levels in people with Diabetes Mellitus (Sugar Diabetes).
Purpose
Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder of metabolism, the processes through which the body uses food that has been broken down by digestion. Most food is broken down into a type of sugar called glucose, which the body can use for energy and growth. Glucose travels through the bloodstream to cells throughout the body.
But glucose cannot enter the cells without the help of a hormone called Insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, a large gland beneath the stomach. In people with Diabetes Mellitus, the body does not have enough Insulin to move the glucose into the cells. This may be because the pancreas does not produce enough Insulin or because the cells do not respond to the Insulin, even though plenty is produced. Either way, glucose builds up in the blood and passes out of the body in urine without ever having been used as fuel.
Untreated, diabetes can lead to very serious problems, including heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, nerve damage and amputations. But with proper management, the risk of such problems can be greatly reduced. The management plan depends on the type of diabetes: Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Non-Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). ANTI- ASTHMATIC DRUGS
Anti-Asthmatic Drugs are medicines that treat or prevent asthma attacks.
Purpose
For people with Asthma, the simple act of breathing can be a struggle. Their airways become inflamed and blocked with mucus during asthma attacks, narrowing the opening through which air passes. This is not such a problem when the person breathes in, because the airways naturally expand when a person takes a breath. The real problem arises when the person with asthma tries to breathe out. The air cannot get out through the blocked airways, so it stays trapped in the lungs. With each new breath, the person can take in only a little more air, so breathing becomes shallow and takes more and more effort.
Asthma attacks can be caused by allergies to pollen, dust, pets or other things, but people without known allergies may also have asthma. Exercise, stress, intense emotions, exposure to cold, certain medicines and some medical conditions also can bring on attacks.
The two main approaches to dealing with asthma are avoiding substances and situations that trigger attacks and using medicines that treat or prevent the symptoms. With a combination of the two, most people with asthma can find relief and live normal lives.
Description
Three types of drugs are used in treating and preventing asthma attacks: - Bronchodilators relax the smooth muscles that line the airway. This makes the airways open wider, letting more air pass through them. These drugs are used mainly to relieve sudden asthma attacks or to prevent attacks that might come on after exercise. They may be taken by mouth, injected or inhaled.
- Corticosteroids block the inflammation that narrows the airways. Used regularly, these drugs will help prevent asthma attacks. Those attacks that do occur will be less severe. However, corticosteroids cannot stop an attack that is already underway. These drugs may be taken by mouth, injected or inhaled.
- Cromolyn also is taken regularly to prevent asthma attacks and may be used alone or with other asthma medicines. It cannot stop an attack that already has started. The drug works by preventing certain cells in the body from releasing substances that cause allergic reactions or asthma symptoms.
ANTI- HYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
Anti-Hypertensive Drugs are medicines that help lower blood pressure.
Purpose
Anti-Hypertensive Drugs are used to help control blood pressure in people whose blood pressure is too high. Blood pressure is a measurement of the force with which blood moves through the body's system of blood vessels. Although everyone's blood pressure goes up and down in the course of a typical day-getting higher when they are active and going down when they sleep. Some people have blood pressure that stays high all the time. This condition is known as hypertension. Hypertension is not the same as nervous tension. People who have high blood pressure are not necessarily tense, high-strung or nervous. They may not even be aware of their condition.
Being aware of high blood pressure and doing something to control it are extremely important, however. Untreated, high blood pressure can lead to diseases of the heart and arteries, kidney damage, or stroke, and can shorten life expectancy.
Treatments for high blood pressure depend on the type of hypertension. Most cases of high blood pressure are called Essential or Primary Hypertension, meaning that the high blood pressure is not caused by some other medical condition. For most people with primary hypertension, it is difficult to figure out the exact cause of the problem. However, such hypertension usually can be controlled by some combination of anti-hypertensive drugs and changes in daily habits (such as diet, exercise, and weight control).
In people with Secondary Hypertension, the high blood pressure may be due to medical problems such as kidney disease, narrowing of certain arteries, or tumors of the adrenal glands. Correcting these problems often cures the high blood pressure, and no further treatment is needed.
Controlling primary hypertension, on the other hand, is usually a life-long commitment. Although people may be able to reduce the amount of medicine they take as their blood pressure improves, they usually must continue taking it for the rest of their lives.
Description
Many different types of drugs are used, alone or in combination with other drugs, to treat high blood pressure. The major categories are: · - Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors: ACE inhibitors work by preventing a chemical in the blood, angiotensin I, from being converted into a substance that increases salt and water retention in the body. These drugs also make blood vessels relax, which further reduces blood pressure. ·
- Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists: These drugs act at a later step in the same process that ACE inhibitors affect. Like ACE inhibitors, they lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels. ·
- Beta blockers: Beta blockers affect the body's response to certain nerve impulses. This, in turn, decreases the force and rate of the heart's contractions, which lowers blood pressure. ·
- Blood Vessel Dilators (Vasodilators): These drugs lower blood pressure by relaxing muscles in the blood vessel walls. ·
- Calcium Channel Blockers: Drugs in this group slow the movement of calcium into the cells of blood vessels. This relaxes the blood vessels and lowers blood pressure. ·
- Diuretics: These drugs control blood pressure by eliminating excess salt and water from the body. ·
- Nerve Blockers: These drugs control nerve impulses along certain nerve pathways. This allows blood vessels to relax and lowers blood pressure.
ANTIBIOTICSAntibiotics are medicines that kill the bacteria that cause infections.
Purpose
Physicians and patients have come to depend on antibiotics to treat everything from sore throats and urinary tract infections to Meningitis and Tuberculosis. These drugs are also used to prevent infections before, during, and after surgery. But in recent years, health experts have noticed that antibiotics are becoming less and less effective as people use them more and more. This happens because of antibiotic resistance, a problem that develops when antibiotics are over-used or mis-used.
Everyone can help keep antibiotic resistance from becoming an even bigger problem than it already is. Here are some important guidelines:
- Do not pressure a physician to prescribe an antibiotic for a cold or flu. Usually, such illnesses are due to a viral infection, which cannot be treated with an antibiotic. Taking an antibiotic when it is not needed will only encourage the spread of resistant bacteria in the body and in the community.
- If a physician prescribes an antibiotic, do not be afraid to ask why the medicine is being prescribed. Make sure the physician has good reason to believe that the medicine will effectively treat the particular condition for which it is being prescribed.
- When an antibiotic is appropriately prescribed, be sure to take all the medicine, for as long as directed. When a patient stops taking the medicine too soon, only the most vulnerable bacteria are killed, leaving the rest to thrive. Any illness caused by the remaining, resistant bacteria will then be harder to treat.
Description
Different antibiotics kill bacteria in different ways. Some short-circuit the processes by which bacteria get energy, others disturb the structure of the bacterial cell wall, and still others interfere with the production of essential proteins.
Some 150 antibiotics are available. These include Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolones, Streptogramins, Sulfonamides, and Erythromycins.
Antibiotics are classified as narrow-spectrum drugs when they work against only a few types of bacteria. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of bacteria. However, broad-spectrum antibiotics are more likely to promote antibiotic resistance. For that reason, narrow-spectrum antibiotics, which often cost less, should be used whenever possible. Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be reserved for infections that do not respond to treatment with narrow-spectrum drugs.
ANTI-MIGRAINE DRUGS
Medicines used to prevent or reduce the severity of migraine headaches are Anti-Migraine Drugs.
Purpose
Migraine headaches usually cause a throbbing pain on one side of the head. Nausea, vomiting, dizziness , increased sensitivity to light and sound and other symptoms may accompany the pain. The attacks may last for several hours or for a day or more and may come as often as several times a week.
Some people who get migraine headaches have warning signals before the headaches begin, such as restlessness, tingling in an arm or leg, or seeing patterns of flashing lights. This set of signals is called an aura. The anti-migraine drugs discussed in this section are meant to be taken as soon as the pain begins, to relieve the pain and other symptoms. Other types of drugs, such as anti-seizure medicines, Anti-Depressants, Calcium Channel Blockers and Beta Blockers, are sometimes prescribed to prevent attacks in people with very severe or frequent migraines.
Description
Migraine is thought to be caused by electrical and chemical imbalances in certain parts of the brain. These imbalances affect the blood vessels in the brain - first tightening them up, then widening them. As the blood vessels widen, they stimulate the release of chemicals that increase sensitivity to pain and cause inflammation and swelling. Anti-migraine Drugs are believed to work by correcting the imbalances and by tightening the blood vessels.
Examples of drugs in this group are Ergotamine, Sumatriptan, Rizatriptan and Zolmitriptan. These medicines are available only with a physician's prescription and come in several forms. Ergotamine is available as tablets and rectal suppositories; Sumatriptan as tablets, injections, and nasal spray; and Zolmitriptan as tablets.
ANTI-RHEUMATIC DRUGSMedicines used to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Purpose
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a crippling form of Arthritis. Symptoms include stiff, swollen joints, fever, fatigue, and loss of appetite. In the early stages of treatment, the drugs prescribed for Rheumatoid Arthritis are often the same as those used to treat the more common form of Arthritis, Osteoarthritis. These include Aspirin, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), and, sometimes, Steroids. The stronger drugs may slow the progress of the disease, as well as reduce pain, stiffness, and inflammation.
Description
Anti-Rheumatic Drugs include Hydroxychloroquine, which is also used to treat Malaria; Penicillamine; Azathioprine; and Methotrexate, which is also used to treat some types of Cancer.
ANTI-PROTOZOAL DRUGSAnti-Protozoal Drugs are medicines that treat infections caused by Protozoa.
Purpose
Anti-Protozoal Drugs are used to treat a variety of diseases caused by Protozoa. Protozoa are animal-like, one-celled animals, such as Amoeba. Some are parasites that cause infections in the body. African Sleeping Sickness, Giardiasis, Amebiasis, Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP), and Malaria are examples of diseases caused by protozoa.
Description
Anti-Protozoal Drugs come in liquid, tablet, and injectable forms and are available only with a doctor's prescription. Some commonly used Anti-Protozoal Drugs are Metronidazole, Eflornithine, Furazolidone, Hydroxychloroquine, Iodoquinol, Yodoquinol, and Pentamidine. TRICYCLIC ANTI-DEPRESSANTSTricyclic Anti-Depressants are medicines that relieve mental depression.
Purpose
Used to treat mental depression, Tricyclic Anti-Depressants, like other Anti-Depressant Drugs, reduce symptoms such as extreme sadness, hopelessness, and lack of energy. Some Tricyclic Anti-Depressants are also used to treat Bulimia, cocaine withdrawal, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, certain types of chronic pain, and bed-wetting in children.
Description
Named for their three-ring chemical structure, Tricyclic Anti-depressants work by correcting chemical imbalances in the brain. But because they also affect other chemicals throughout the body, these drugs may produce many unwanted side effects.
Tricyclic Anti-depressants are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in tablet, capsule, liquid, and injectable forms. Some commonly used Tricyclic Anti-depressants are Amitriptyline, Desipramine, Imipramine, Nortriptyline, and Protriptyline. Different drugs in this family have different effects, and physicians can choose the drug that best fits the patient's symptoms.
ANTI ARRHYTHMIC DRUGS Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs are medicines that correct irregular heartbeats and slow down hearts that beat too fast.
Purpose
Normally, the heart beats at a steady, even pace. The pace is controlled by electrical signals that begin in one part of the heart and quickly spread through the whole heart. If something goes wrong with this control system, the result may be an irregular heartbeat, or an Arrhythmia. Anti-arrhythmic drugs correct irregular heartbeats, restoring the normal rhythm. If the heart is beating too fast, these drugs will slow it down. By correcting these problems, Anti-arrhythmic Drugs help the heart work more efficiently.
Description
Anti-arrhythmic Drugs are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in capsule (regular and extended release), tablet (regular and extended-release), and injectable forms. Commonly used anti-arrhythmic drugs are Disopyramide, Procainamide and Quinidine. ANTI-NAUSEA DRUGSAnti-nausea Drugs are medicines that control nausea - a feeling of sickness or queasiness in the stomach, with an urge to vomit. These drugs also prevent or stop vomiting. Drugs that control vomiting are called Anti-emetic Drugs.
Purpose
The drug Prochlorperazine, controls both nausea and vomiting. Prochlorperazine is also sometimes prescribed for symptoms of mental disorders, such as schizophrenia.
Description
Prochlorperazine is available only with a physician's prescription. It is sold in syrup, capsule, tablet, injection, and suppository forms.
ANTI-PARKINSON DRUGS Anti-Parkinson Drugs are medicines that relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease and other forms of Parkinsonism.
Purpose
Anti-Parkinson Drugs are used to treat symptoms of Parkinsonism, a group of disorders that share four main symptoms: tremor or trembling in the hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; stiffness or rigidity of the arms, legs, and trunk; slowness of movement (Bradykinesia); and poor balance and coordination. Parkinson's disease is the most common form of Parkinsonism. Other forms of the disorder may result from viral infections, environmental toxins, carbon monoxide poisoning, and other causes.
All types of Parkinsonism occur when nerve cells in a particular part of the brain die or lose the ability to function. These cells normally produce a chemical called Dopamine, a chemical messenger that helps relay signals to different parts of the brain. This process is important in producing smooth, coordinated movement throughout the body. When Dopamine-producing cells are lost, normal movement becomes impossible. In people with late-stage Parkinson's disease, 80% or more of these important cells are dead or impaired.
No cure for Parkinson's disease or other forms of Parkinsonism exists, but several drugs help relieve the symptoms. Some drugs replenish Dopamine in the brain. Others mimic the role of Dopamine or block the effects of other chemicals that cause problems in the brain when Dopamine levels drop.
Description
The drugs described here are of two types:
Levodopa, which is used alone or in combination with Carbidopa, restores Dopamine levels in the brain. Carbidopa helps make Levodopa more effective and reduces some of the side effects that occur when Levodopa is taken by itself.
Anti-Dyskinetics and Anti-Cholinergics block the effects of other brain chemicals, thereby reducing some of the involuntary tremors.
All Anti- Parkinson Drugs are available only with a physician's prescription. They are sold in tablet (regular and extended-release), liquid, extended-release capsule, and injectable forms.
ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS Anti-Psychotic Drugs are medicines used to treat Psychosis and other mental and emotional conditions.
Purpose
Anti-Psychotic Drugs are used to treat Psychosis, a severe mental illness in which people lose touch with reality. People with psychosis may hear voices, see things that aren't really there, and have strange or untrue thoughts, such as believing that other people can hear their thoughts or are trying to harm them. They may also neglect their appearances and may stop talking or talk only "nonsense."
Some Anti-psychotic drugs also are used to treat other mental and emotional conditions, such as Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive illness). People with this condition have extreme mood swings, ranging from a highly excited state - sometimes with a false sense of well-being to depression.
Anti-psychotic Drugs do not cure mental illness, but can reduce some of the symptoms or make them milder. The medicine may improve symptoms enough for the person to undergo counselling and live a more normal life.
The type of Anti-psychotic medicine prescribed depends on the type of mental problem the patient has. For example, lithium is used to even out the high and low mood swings that people with Bipolar Disorder (manic-depressive illness) experience. Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) quietens the imaginary voices that some people with schizophrenia hear.
Description
Anti-Psychotic Drugs are also known as Neuroleptics or Major Tranquilizers. Several types of these drugs are available, such as Haloperidol, Lithium, Chlorpromazine and Thioridazine. The newer Anti-Psychotics include Risperidone, Quetiapine and Olanzapine. These medicines are available only with a physician's prescription.
MUSCLE RELAXANTSMuscle Relaxants are drugs that relax certain muscles in the body.
Purpose
Strains, sprains, and other muscle injuries can result in pain, stiffness, and muscle spasms. Muscle Relaxants do not heal the injuries, but they do help ease the discomfort and stop muscle spasms. The muscle relaxant Cyclobenzaprine is also sometimes used to treat Fibromyalgia, a condition that involves aches, stiffness and fatigue.
Description
Muscle Relaxants work by acting on the central nervous system. Most come only in tablet form though some are also available in injectable form.
DIGITALIS DRUGSDigitalis Drugs are medicines made from a type of foxglove plant (Digitalis Purpurea) that has a stimulating effect on the heart.
Purpose
Digitalis Drugs are used to treat heart problems such as congestive heart failure and irregular heartbeat. These medicines help make the heart stronger and more efficient. This, in turn, improves blood circulation and helps relieve the swelling of the hands and ankles that is common in people with heart problems.
Description
Digitalis Drugs, also known as Digitalis Glycosides, are available only with a physician's prescription. They are sold in tablet, capsule, liquid, and injectable forms. Commonly used digitalis drugs are Digitoxin and Digoxin.
ANTI-GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DRUGSThese drugs are used to treat Gastroesophageal Reflux, the backward flow of stomach contents into the Esophagus.
Purpose
The drug Cisapride is used to treat nighttime heartburn resulting from Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). In this condition, food and stomach juices flow backward from the stomach into the esophagus, the part of the digestive tract through which food passes on its way from the mouth to the stomach.
Normally, a muscular ring called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) opens to allow food into the stomach and then closes to prevent the stomach's contents from flowing back into the esophagus. In people with GERD, this muscular ring is either weak or it relaxes at the wrong times. The main symptom is heartburn - a burning sensation centered behind the breastbone and spreading upward toward the neck and throat.
Cisapride works by strengthening the lower Esophageal Sphincter and making the stomach empty more quickly. This shortens the amount of time that the esophagus comes in contact with the stomach contents. Other drugs, such as H2-blockers are sometimes prescribed to reduce the amount of acid in the stomach.
Description
Cisapride is available only with a physician's prescription. Cisapride is sold in tablet and liquid forms.
ANTI-RETROVIRAL DRUGSAnti-Retroviral Drugs are medicines that prevent the reproduction of a type of virus called a Retrovirus. The Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV), that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), is a Retrovirus.
Purpose
Anti-Retroviral Drugs are used to treat infection with the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. These medicines cannot prevent or cure HIV infection, but they help keep the virus in check to minimize other conditions caused by the virus, such as opportunistic infections.
Like other Anti-viral Drugs,Anti-retroviral Drugs do not kill viruses, because that could also damage or kill the cells the viruses have infected. Instead, these drugs block steps in the process through which viruses reproduce. In this way, Anti-retroviral Drugs slow down damage to the immune system and allow people infected with HIV to feel better and lead more normal lives. However, these drugs do not eliminate HIV, and they do not completely restore the immune system. Although people who take these drugs may feel well most of the time, they may still get serious infections and have other health problems. Furthermore, Anti-retroviral Drugs do not prevent the spread of HIV from an infected person to someone else. People taking these drugs must still observe all precautions to avoid infecting others.
There are three main types of Anti-retroviral Drugs: - Nucleoside Analogs, or Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
- Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
- Protease Inhibitors
Description
These drugs are all in the family of Anti-viral Drugs known as Nucleoside Analogs or Nucleoside reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs). Drugs in this family include Didanosine, Lamivudine, Stavudine, Zalcitabine and Zidovudine. These medicines are available only with a physician's prescription and come in liquid, tablet, capsule, and injectable forms.
ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGSAnti-Tuberculosis Drugs are medicines used to treat Tuberculosis, an infectious disease that can affect the lungs and other organs.
Purpose
Combinations of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs are used to treat tuberculosis (TB). This disease is caused by bacteria that are passed from one person to another through the air. If untreated, Tuberculosis can lead to long periods of bad health and even death.
Some Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs also are used to treat or prevent other infections such as Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC), which causes disease throughout the bodies of people with AIDS or other diseases of the immune system.
Description
Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs are available only with a physician's prescription and come in tablet, capsule, liquid and injectable forms. Some commonly used Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs are Cycloserine, Ethambutol, Ethionamide, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifabutin and Rifampin.
ANTI ULCER DRUGS/ ANTI ULCERANTS Anti Ulcer Drugs are medicines used to treat ulcers in the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine.
Purpose
The Anti Ulcer Drugs are used as part of the treatment for ulcers. Ulcers are sores or raw areas that form in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum (the upper part of the intestine). Those that form in the stomach are called Gastric Ulcers; in the duodenum, they are called Duodenal Ulcers. Both types are referred to as Peptic Ulcers. For a long time, physicians thought that stress and certain foods caused ulcers.
Now they know that most ulcers are caused either by infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter Pylori or by long-term use of aspirin or other Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), such as Ibuprofen. In either case, something damages the barrier of mucus that normally protects the stomach and duodenum from the powerful acids and enzymes that the body produces to digest food. When that happens, the acids and enzymes begin to eat away at the unprotected tissue, causing ulcers.
Ulcers do not always cause symptoms. When they do, they usually cause a gnawing or burning pain - something like hunger pangs - between the breastbone and the navel. The pain often occurs early in the morning or between meals and may be temporarily relieved by eating or by taking Antacids. Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and weight loss are other symptoms of ulcers. If ulcers bleed, the blood may show up in the form of black, tarry stools.
In addition to Antibiotics, to clear up the Helicobacter Pylori infection, physicians use several types of Anti Ulcer Drugs that reduce the amount of acid the stomach produces or that protect the lining of the stomach and duodenum.
Getting the proper treatment for ulcers is important, because ulcers can lead to serious complications, such as bleeding, swelling, and scarring. If the swelling and scarring are severe, the opening between the stomach and intestine may become blocked. Untreated ulcers may also eat through the wall of the stomach or duodenum. When that happens, bacteria and partially digested food may leak into the body cavity and cause a life-threatening condition called peritonitis.
Description
The three basic types of Anti Ulcer Drugs are H2-blockers, Acid Pump Inhibitors, and Mucosal Protective Medications. - H2-Blockers block the production of Histamine, a substance that stimulates acid secretion. By blocking Histamine, these drugs reduce the amount of acid the stomach produces.
- Acid Pump Inhibitors completely block the production of stomach acid by stopping the final step in acid secretion.
- Mucosal Protective Medications create a protective barrier that allows the ulcer to heal and prevents further damage to the stomach and duodenum.
ANTI-HEMORRHOID DRUGS Anti-Hemorrhoid Drugs are medicines that reduce the swelling and relieve the discomfort of hemorrhoids (swellings in the area around the anus).
Purpose
Hemorrhoids are bulges in the veins that supply blood to the skin and membranes of the area around the anus. They may form for various reasons. Frequent heavy lifting, sitting for long periods, or straining to have bowel movements may put stress on anal tissues, which can lead to hemorrhoids. Some women develop hemorrhoids during pregnancy as the expanding uterus puts pressure on the anal tissues. The strain of labor and delivery can also cause hemorrhoids or make existing hemorrhoids worse. Hemorrhoids sometimes result from certain medical problems, such as tumors pressing on the lower bowel.
The main symptoms of hemorrhoids are bleeding from the rectum, especially after a bowel movement, and itching, burning, pain and general discomfort in the anal area. Over-the-counter anti-hemorrhoid products can relieve many of these symptoms. The products contain combinations of four main types of ingredients: - Local Anaesthetics such as Benzocaine, Lidocaine and Tetracaine, to temporarily relieve the pain.
- Vasoconstrictors, such as Epinephrine Base, Epinephrine Hydrochloride, Ephedrine Sulfate and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride that reduce swelling and relieve itching and discomfort by tightening blood vessels.
- Astringents (drying agents), such as Witch Hazel, Calamine, and Zinc Oxide. These help shrink hemorrhoids by pulling water out of the swollen tissue. This, in turn, helps relieve itching, burning, and irritation.
- Protectants, such as Cocoa Butter, Lanolin, Glycerin, Mineral Oil, and Shark Liver Oil which soothe irritated tissues and form a protective barrier to prevent further irritation.
Description
Anti-Hemorrhoid Drugs are available as creams, ointments and suppositories. Most can be bought without a physician's prescription.
ANTI-SPASMODIC DRUGS Anti-Spasmodic Drugs relieve cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestines, and bladder.
Purpose
The drug Dicyclomine is prescribed to treat a condition called Irritable Bowel Syndrome. In some people, the main symptom is abdominal pain. In others, it is diarrhea or alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation.
Description
Dicyclomine is available only with a prescription and is sold as capsules, tablets (regular and extended-release forms), and syrup.
ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGSAnti-malarial drugs are medicines that prevent or treat malaria.
Purpose
Anti-malarial drugs treat or prevent malaria, a disease that occurs in tropical, subtropical, and some temperate regions of the world. The disease is caused by a parasite, Plasmodium, which belongs to a group of one-celled organisms known as protozoa. The only way to get malaria is to be bitten by a certain type of mosquito that has bitten someone who has the disease.
Description
Anti-malarial Drugs are available only with a physician's prescription. They come in tablet, capsule, and injectable forms. Among the commonly used Anti-malarial Drugs are Chloroquine, Mefloquine, Primaquine, Pyrimethamine, and Quinine.
NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGSNon-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs are medicines that relieve pain, swelling, stiffness, and inflammation.
Purpose
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed for a variety of painful conditions, including Arthritis, Bursitis, Tendinitis, Gout, menstrual cramps, sprains, strains, and other injuries.
Description
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs relieve pain, stiffness, swelling, and inflammation, but they do not cure the diseases or injuries responsible for these problems. Some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be bought over the counter; others are available only with a prescription from a physician or dentist.
IMMUNO-SUPPRESSANT DRUGSImmuno-Suppressant Drugs are medicines that reduce the body's natural defenses against foreign invaders or materials. Used in transplant patients, these drugs help prevent their bodies from rejecting transplanted organs.
Purpose
When an organ, such as a liver, a heart or a kidney, is transplanted from one person (the donor) into another (the recipient), the recipient's immune system has the same response it has to any foreign material. It attacks and tries to destroy the organ. Immuno-suppressant drugs help prevent this from happening by subduing the natural immune response. The problem is that the drugs' action also makes the body more vulnerable to infection. For that reason, people who take this medicine need to be especially careful to avoid infections.
In addition to being used to prevent organ rejection, Immuno-suppressant Drugs sometimes are used to treat severe skin disorders such as Psoriasis and other diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Crohn's Disease (chronic inflammation of the digestive tract) and patchy hair loss (Alopecia Areata).
Description
Immuno-Suppressant Drugs are available only with a physician's prescription and come in tablet, capsule, liquid and injectable forms. Commonly used Immuno-Suppressant Drugs include Azathioprine, Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus.
ANTI-INSOMNIA DRUGS Anti-Insomnia Drugs are medicines that help people fall asleep or stay asleep.
Purpose
Physicians prescribe Anti- Insomnia Drugs for short-term treatment of insomnia - a sleep problem in which people have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or wake up too early and can't go back to sleep. These drugs should be used only for occasional treatment of temporary sleep problems and should not be taken for more than a week or two at a time. People whose sleep problems last longer than this, should see a physician. Their sleep problems could be a sign of another medical problem.
Description
The Anti-insomnia Drug Zolpidem is classified as a Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressant. CNS Depressants are medicines that slow the nervous system. Physicians also prescribe medicines in the Benzodiazepine family, such as Flurazepam, Quazepam, Triazolam, Estazolam, and Temazepam, for insomnia.
Zolpidem is available only with a physician's prescription and comes in tablet form.
ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGSAnti-helminthic Drugs are medicines that rid the body of parasitic worms.
Purpose
People can become infected with parasitic worms in a number of ways. The eggs of pin worms, for example, can be transferred from person to person through contaminated food, drinking glasses, clothing, or linens.
Tape worms and round worms may enter the body when people eat undercooked meat or fish. The worms then live inside the body and may go unnoticed if they cause no troublesome symptoms. However, if they multiply rapidly or invade a vital organ, they can cause serious and sometimes life-threatening problems. The body has no natural means of getting rid of parasitic worms, but Anti-helminthic Drugs do the job very well. Some kill the worms on contact. Others starve or paralyze the worms, which then pass out of the body in the feces.
Each type of Anti-helminthic Drug is effective against particular kinds of worms. For example, Niclosamide is effective against tapeworms, but will not work for treating pin worm or round worm infections.
Description
Anti-Helminthic Drugs are available only with a physician's prescription. They are sold as liquids and tablets (regular and chewable). Some commonly used Anti-Helminthics are Mebendazole, Niclosamide, Praziquantel, Pyrantel and Thiabendazole.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTSCentral Nervous System (CNS) Stimulants are medicines that speed up physical and mental processes.
Purpose
Central Nervous System Stimulants are used to treat Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a condition in which people have unusually high activity levels and short attention spans. People with this condition are easily distracted and may have trouble sitting still, planning ahead, or finishing what they start. They may also act recklessly and impulsively, and have behavioral and emotional problems. Central Nervous System Stimulants increase attention, decrease restlessness, and improve physical coordination in people who have ADHD. The drugs may also curb impulsive behavior. When used to treat ADHD, Central Nervous System Stimulants are just one part of the total treatment program, which also includes social, educational and psychological help.
Although Central Nervous System Stimulants are effective in treating ADHD, their use is controversial, especially in children. Because they may cause unwanted side effects, parents and doctors of children who need the drugs must carefully weigh the risks and benefits. There is also concern that these drugs are being prescribed for some children who do not need them. Other physical and mental conditions can have some of the same symptoms as ADHD, so it is important to rule out other causes before starting treatment with Central Nervous System Stimulants.
This type of medicine is also used to treat Narcolepsy, in which people have an uncontrollable desire to sleep or may suddenly fall into a deep sleep. The medication is prescribed in an effort to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks of Narcolepsy.
Central Nervous System Stimulants should not be used to increase alertness or to substitute for sleep. Although they can cause loss of appetite and weight loss, they should not be used as "diet pills."
Description
Commonly used Central Nervous System Stimulants are Amphetamine, Dextroamphetamine, Methamphetamine, Pemoline and Methylphenidate.
Amphetamines and Methylphenidate are available only with a doctor's prescription. Because of their high potential for abuse, sale of these drugs is strictly controlled.
DECONGESTANTSDecongestants are medicines used to relieve nasal congestion (stuffy nose).
Purpose
A congested or stuffy nose is a common symptom of colds and allergies. This congestion results when membranes lining the nose become swollen. Decongestants relieve the swelling by narrowing the blood vessels that supply blood to the nose. This reduces the blood supply to the swollen membranes, causing the membranes to shrink.
These medicines do not cure colds or reverse the effects of histamines - chemicals released as part of the allergic reaction. They will not relieve all of the symptoms associated with colds and allergies, only the stuffiness.
When considering whether to use a decongestant for cold symptoms, keep in mind that most colds go away with or without treatment and that taking medicine is not the only way to relieve a stuffy nose. Drinking hot tea or broth or eating chicken soup may help.
Description
Decongestants are sold in many forms, including tablets, capsules, caplets, gel caps, liqui-caps, liquids, nasal sprays, and nose drops. These drugs are sometimes combined with other medicines in cold and allergy products designed to relieve several symptoms. Some decongestant products require a physician's prescription but there are also many non-prescription (over-the-counter) products.
ANTI-COAGULANT & ANTI-PLATELET DRUGSAnti-Coagulant Drugs are medicines that prevent the clotting of blood.
Purpose
Anti-Coagulant drugs help prevent the formation of harmful clots in the blood vessels by decreasing the blood's ability to clump together. Although these drugs are sometimes called Blood Thinners, they do not actually thin the blood. Furthermore, this type of medicine will not dissolve clots that already have formed, although the drug stops an existing clot from worsening. However, another type of drug, used in Thrombolytic Therapy, will dissolve existing clots.
Anti-Coagulant Drugs are used in a number of situations. For example, they may be given to prevent blood clots from forming after the replacement of a heart valve or to reduce the risk of a stroke or another heart attack after a first heart attack. They are also used to reduce the chance of formation of blood clots, during open heart surgery or bypass surgery. Low doses of these drugs may be given to prevent blood clots in patients who must stay in bed for a long time after certain kinds of surgery.
Because these drugs affect the blood's ability to clot, they can increase the risk of severe bleeding and heavy blood loss. Because of this risk, taking Anti-coagulant Drugs exactly as directed and seeing a physician regularly while taking the medicine is essential.
Description
Anti-Coagulant Drugs, also called Anti-Platelet Drugs, Anti-Clotting Drugs, and Blood Thinners, are available only with a physician's prescription. They come in tablet and injectable forms. Some commonly used Anti-Coagulant Drugs are Dicumarol, Warfarin, Dipyridamole, Enoxaparin and Heparin.
CYPROHEPTADINEThe drug has H1 antihistaminic, mild anticholinergic and sedative properies. The drug is used to relieve the symptoms of various allergic reactions, including itching and skin rash. It also increases the appetite and has been recommended in children and poor eaters, to promote weight gain. It is an appetite stimulant, not a general tonic. The drug is available in tablet form.
Brand Name: Periactin
Chemical Description: 4-(5 H-dibenzo [a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)- 1 -methylpiperidine hydrochloride
Working
This antihistaminic and antiserotonergic agent acts as a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist and also blocks calcium channels. It treats various allergies and stimulates appetite in underweight people.
The drug may sometimes be used to combat SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction and rarely as a prophylactic drug for migraine.
Dosage
Adults and Children (7 -14 yrs): 12 mg daily in 3 divided doses
Children ( 2-6yrs): Max. daily dose 8 mg
Side Effects
The drug has certain side effects, that can affect individuals in different ways. The following are some of the side effects, that are often associated with the drug: - Drowsiness
- Dry mouth
- Confusion
- Ataxia
- Weight gain
Disclaimer: The above information is for general understanding of the visitor. Please consult a registered medical practitioner before taking the aforesaid medicine.
INFERTILITY DRUGS Infertility Drugs are medicines that help bring about pregnancy.
Purpose
Infertility is the inability of a man and woman to achieve pregnancy after at least a year of having regular sexual intercourse without any type of birth control. There are many possible reasons for infertility and finding the most effective treatment for a couple may involve many tests to find the problem. For pregnancy to occur, the woman's reproductive system must release eggs regularly-a process called ovulation. The man must produce healthy sperm that are able to reach and unite with an egg. And once an egg is fertilized, it must travel to the woman's uterus (womb), become implanted and remain there to be nourished.
If a couple is infertile because the woman is not ovulating, Infertility Drugs may be prescribed to stimulate ovulation. The first step usually is to try a drug such as Clomiphene. If that doesn't work, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) may be tried, usually in combination with other Infertility Drugs.
Clompiphene and HCG may also be used to treat other conditions in both males and females.
Description
Clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene) comes in tablet form and is available only with a physician's prescription. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin is given as an injection, only under a physician's supervision.
ANTIBIOTICS, TOPICAL Topical Antibiotics are medicines applied to the skin to kill bacteria.
Purpose
Topical Antibiotics help prevent infections caused by bacteria that get into minor cuts, scrapes, and burns. Treating minor wounds with Antibiotics allows quicker healing. If the wounds are left untreated, the bacteria will multiply, causing pain, redness, swelling, itching, and oozing. Untreated infections can eventually spread and become much more serious.
Different kinds of Topical Antibiotics kill different kinds of bacteria. Many antibiotic first-aid products contain combinations of antibiotics to make them effective against a broad range of bacteria.
When treating a wound, it is not enough to simply apply a Topical Antibiotic. The wound must first be cleaned with soap and water and patted dry. After the antibiotic is applied, the wound should be covered with a dressing, such as a bandage or a protective gel or spray. For many years, it was thought that wounds heal best when exposed to the air. But now most experts say it is best to keep wounds clean and moist while they heal. The covering should still allow some air to reach the wound, however.
Description
Some topical antibiotics are available without a prescription and are sold in many forms, including creams, ointments, powders, and sprays. Some widely used topical antibiotics are Bacitracin, Neomycin, Mupirocin and Polymyxin B. Among the products that contain one or more of these ingredients are Bactroban (a prescription item), Neosporin, Polysporin, and Triple antibiotic Ointment or Cream.
DIURETICSDiuretics are medicines that help reduce the amount of water in the body.
Purpose
Diuretics are used to treat the build-up of excess fluid in the body that occurs with some medical conditions such as congestive heart failure , liver disease, and kidney disease. Some Diuretics are also prescribed to treat high blood pressure. These drugs act on the kidneys to increase urine output. This reduces the amount of fluid in the bloodstream, which in turn lowers blood pressure.
Description
There are several types of Diuretics, also called Water Pills: - Loop Diuretics, such as Bumetanide (Bumex) and Furosemide (Lasix), get their name from the loop-shaped part of the kidneys where they have their effect.
- Thiazide Diuretics include such commonly used Diuretics as Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL, Esidrix), Chlorothiazide (Diuril), and Chlorthalidone (Hygroton).
- Potassium-sparing Diuretics prevent the loss of Potassium, which is a problem with other types of Diuretics. Examples of Potassium-sparing Diuretics are Amiloride (Midamor) and Triamterene (Dyrenium).
In addition, some medicines contain combinations of two Diuretics. The brands Dyazide and Maxzide, for example, contain the Thiazide Diuretic Hydrochlorothiazide with the Potassium-sparing Diuretic Triamterene.
Some non-prescription (over-the-counter) medicines contain Diuretics. However, the medicines described here cannot be bought without a physician's prescription. They are available in tablet, capsule, liquid and injectable forms.
VASODILATORSVasodilators are medicines that act directly on muscles in blood vessel walls to make blood vessels widen (dilate).
Purpose
Vasodilators are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension ). By widening the arteries, these drugs allow blood to flow through more easily, reducing blood pressure. Controlling high blood pressure is important because the condition puts a burden on the heart and the arteries, which can lead to permanent damage over time. If untreated, high blood pressure increases the risk of heart attacks, heart failure, stroke, or kidney failure. Vasodilators usually are prescribed with other types of blood pressure drugs and rarely are used alone.
Description
Examples of Vasodilators are Hydralazine (Apresoline) and Minoxidil (Loniten). The Vasodilator Hydralazine also may be used to control high blood pressure in pregnant women or to bring down extremely high blood pressure in emergency situations. In the forms used for treating high blood pressure (tablets or injections), these drugs are available only with a physician's prescription. A liquid form of Minoxidil, used to promote hair growth in people with certain kinds of baldness and is applied directly to the scalp, is sold without a prescription.
BLOOD-VISCOSITY REDUCING DRUGS Blood Viscosity-reducing Drugs are medicines that improve blood flow by making the blood less viscous (sticky).
Purpose
The main use of Blood-viscosity Reducing Drugs is to relieve painful leg cramps caused by poor circulation, a condition called Intermittent Claudication. Physicians also may prescribe this medicine for other conditions, including stroke, impotence, male infertility, Raynaud's Disease, and nerve and circulation problems caused by diabetes.
Description
Blood-viscosity Reducing Drugs are available only with a physician's prescription and come in extended-release tablet form. Examples of blood-viscosity reducing drugs are Pentoxifylline (Trental) and Oxypentifylline.
BETA BLOCKERS Beta Blockers are medicines that affect the body's response to certain nerve impulses. This, in turn, decreases the force and rate of the heart's contractions, which lowers blood pressure and reduces the heart's demand for oxygen.
Purpose
The main use of Beta Blockers is to treat high blood pressure. Some also are used to relieve the type of chest pain called Angina or to prevent heart attacks in people who already have had one heart attack. These drugs may also be prescribed for other conditions, such as migraine, tremors, and irregular heart beat. In eye drop form, they are used to treat certain kinds of glaucoma.
Description
Beta Blockers, also known as Beta-adrenergic Blockers, are available only with a physician's prescription. The come in capsule, tablet, liquid, and injectable forms. Some common Beta Blockers are Atenolol (Tenormin), Metoprolol (Lopressor), Nadolol (Corgard), Propranolol (Inderal), and Timolol (Blocadren). Timolol and certain other Beta Blockers are also sold in eye drop form for treating Glaucoma. Eye drops that contain Beta Blockers include Betaxolol (Betoptic), Cartelol (Ocupress), and Timolol (Timoptic).
CORTICOSTEROIDSMedicines that are similar to the natural hormone Cortisone and belong to the family of drugs called Steroids.
Purpose
Corticosteroids are used in several forms, to treat many different conditions. Because they reduce itching, swelling, redness, and allergic reactions, they are often used in treating skin problems, severe allergies, Asthma and Arthritis. These drugs also suppress the body's immune response, so they are used in patients who have received organ transplants, to reduce the chance of rejection. In people whose bodies do not produce enough natural corticosteroids, the drugs can raise the levels of those hormones. Corticosteroids also are used to treat certain cancers (along with other drugs), and to reduce inflammation in other medical conditions.
Description
Corticosteroids are medicines that are similar to the natural hormone cortisone. They affect many body processes, including the breakdown of protein, fat, and carbohydrate; the activity of the nervous system; the balance of salt and water; and the regulation of blood pressure. Because of their widespread effects, these drugs are useful in treating many medical conditions, but they can also have undesirable side effects.
These medicines come in a variety of forms, suitable for treating different conditions. For example, Inhalant Corticosteroids are used to prevent asthma attacks, while Corticosteroid ointments, creams and gels are used to treat skin problems. Some examples of Corticosteroids are Beclomethasone (Beconase, Vancenase, Vanceril), Betamethasone (Diprolene, Lotrisone), Hydrocortisone, Mometasone (Elocon), Prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), and Triamcinolone (Azmacort, Nasacort).
BENZODIAZEPINESBenzodiazepines are medicines that help relieve nervousness, tension, and other symptoms by slowing the central nervous system.
Purpose
Benzodiazepines are a type of Anti-anxiety Drugs. While anxiety is a normal response to stressful situations, some people have unusually high levels of anxiety that can interfere with everyday life. For these people, Benzodiazepines can help bring their feelings under control. The medicine can also relieve troubling symptoms of anxiety, such as pounding heartbeat, breathing problems, irritability, nausea, and faintness.
Physicians may sometimes prescribe these drugs for other conditions, such as muscle spasms, epilepsy and other seizure disorders, phobias, panic disorder, withdrawal from alcohol, and sleeping problems. However, this medicine should not be used every day for sleep problems that last more than a few days. If used this way, the drug loses its effectiveness within a few weeks.
Benzodiazepines should not be used to relieve the nervousness and tension of normal everyday life.
Description
The family of Anti-anxiety Drugs known as Benzodiazepines includes Alprazolam (Xanax), Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), Diazepam (Valium), and Lorazepam (Ativan). These medicines take effect fairly quickly, starting to work within an hour after they are taken. Benzodiazepines are available only with a physician's prescription and are available in tablet, capsule, liquid, or injectable forms.
CEPHALOSPORINSCephalosporins are medicines that kill bacteria or prevent their growth.
Purpose
Cephalosporins are used to treat infections in different parts of the body - the ears, nose, throat, lungs, sinuses, and skin, for example. Physicians may prescribe these drugs to treat pneumonia, strep throat, staph infections, tonsillitis, bronchitis, and gonorrhea. These drugs will not work for colds, flu, and other infections caused by viruses.
Description
Examples of Cephalosporins are Cefaclor (Ceclor), Cefadroxil (Duricef), Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol, Zolicef), Cefixime, (Suprax), Cefoxitin (Mefoxin), Cefprozil (Cefzil), Ceftazidime (Ceptaz, Fortaz, Tazicef, Tazideme), Cefuroxime (Ceftin) and Cephalexin (Keflex). These medicines are available only with a physician's prescription. They are sold in tablet, capsule, liquid, and injectable forms.
EXPECTORANTSExpectorants are drugs that loosen and clear mucus and phlegm from the respiratory tract.
Purpose
The drug described here, Guaifenesin, is a common ingredient in cough medicines. It is classified as an expectorant, a medicine that helps clear mucus and other secretions from the respiratory tract. However, some debate exists about how effectively Guaifenesin does this. In addition, some cough medicines contain other ingredients that may cancel out Guaifenesin's effects. Cough Suppressants such as Codeine, for example, work against Guaifenesin because they discourage coughing up the secretions that the expectorant loosens.
There are other ways to loosen and clear the respiratory secretions associated with colds. These include using a humidifier and drinking 6-8 glasses of water a day.
Description
Guaifenesin is an ingredient in many cough medicines, such as anti--Tuss, Dristan Cold & Cough, Guaifed, GuaiCough, and some Robitussin products. Some products that contain Guaifenesin are available only with a physician's prescription; others can be bought without a prescription. They come in several forms, including capsules, tablets, and liquids.
SULFONAMIDESSulfonamides are medicines that prevent the growth of bacteria in the body.
Purpose
Sulfonamides are used to treat many kinds of infections caused by bacteria and certain other micro-organisms. Physicians may prescribe these drugs to treat urinary tract infections, ear infections, frequent or long-lasting Bronchitis, Bacterial Meningitis, certain eye infections, Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia, Traveler's Diarrhea, and a number of other kinds of infections. These drugs will not work for colds, flu, and other infections caused by viruses.
Description
Sulfonamides, also called Sulfa medicines, are available only with a physician's prescription. They are sold in tablet and liquid forms. Some commonly used Sulfonamides are Sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin) and the combination drug Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim (Bactrim, Cotrim).
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERSCalcium Channel Blockers are medicines that slow the movement of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessels. This, in turn, relaxes blood vessels, increases the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart, and reduces the heart's work load.
Purpose
Calcium Channel Blockers are used to treat high blood pressure, to correct abnormal heart rhythms, and to relieve the type of chest pain called Angina Pectoris. Physicians may prescribe some Calcium Channel Blockers to treat panic attacks and Bipolar Disorder (manic depressive illness) and to prevent migraine headache.
Description
Calcium Channel Blockers are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in tablet, capsule, and injectable forms. Some commonly used calcium channel blockers are Amlopidine (Norvasc), Diltiazem (Cardizem), Isradipine (DynaCirc), Nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia), and Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan).
GOUT DRUGSGout Drugs are medicines that prevent or relieve the symptoms of Gout, a disease that affects the joints and kidneys.
Purpose
Gout is a disease in which uric acid, a waste product that normally passes out of the body in urine, collects and forms crystals in the joints and the kidneys. When uric acid crystals build up in the joints, the tissue around the joint becomes inflamed, and nerve endings in the area become irritated, causing extreme pain. Uric acid crystals in the kidneys can lead to kidney stones and eventually to kidney failure.
The symptoms of gout-severe pain usually in the hand or foot (often at the base of the big toe), but sometimes in the elbow or knee, should be reported to a health care professional. If not treated, gout can lead to high blood pressure, deformed joints, and even death from kidney failure. Fortunately, the condition is easily treated.
For patients who have just had their first attack, physicians may prescribe only medicine to reduce the pain and inflammation, such as Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Corticosteroids or Colchicine. Patients may also be advised to change their eating and drinking habits, avoiding organ meats and other protein-rich foods, cutting out alcoholic beverages, and drinking more water. Some people never have another gout attack after the first. For those who do, physicians may prescribe additional drugs that either help the body get rid of uric acid or reduce the amount of uric acid the body produces. These drugs will not relieve gout attacks that already have started, but will help prevent attacks when taken regularly.
Description
Three main types of drugs are used in treating Gout. Colchicine helps relieve the symptoms of gout by reducing inflammation. Allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim) reduces the amount of uric acid produced in the body. Probenecid (Benemid, Probalan) and sulfinpyrazone (Anturane) help the body get rid of excess uric acid. Physicians may recommend that patients take more than one type of gout drug at the same time. Some of these medicines may also be prescribed for other medical conditions that are caused by too much uric acid in the body.
ANTI-HISTAMINESAnti-Histamines are medicines that relieve or prevent the symptoms of Hay Fever and other kinds of allergy.
Purpose
An allergy is a condition in which the body becomes unusually sensitive to some substance, such as pollen, mold spores, dust particles, certain foods, or medicines. These substances, known as Allergens, cause no unusual reactions in most people. But in people who are sensitive to them, exposure to Allergens causes the immune system to overreact. The main reaction is the release of a chemical called Histamine from specialized cells in the body tissues. Histamine causes such familiar and annoying allergy symptoms as sneezing, itching, runny nose, and watery eyes.
As their name suggests, Anti-histamines block the effects of Histamine, reducing allergy symptoms. When used for this purpose, they work best when taken before symptoms are too severe. Anti-histamine creams and ointments may be used to temporarily relieve itching. Some Anti-histamines are also used to treat motion sickness, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. And because some cause drowsiness, they may be used as sleep aids.
Description
Some Anti-histamine products are available only with a physician's prescription. Others can be bought without a prescription. These drugs come in many forms, including tablets, capsules, liquids, injections and suppositories. Some common Anti-histamines are Astemizole (Hismanal), Brompheniramine (Dimetane, Dimetapp), Chlorpheniramine (Deconamine), Clemastine (Tavist), Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), Doxylamine (an ingredient in sleep aids such as Unisom and Vicks NyQuil), Loratadine (Claritin), and Promethazine (Phenergan).
PENICILLINSPenicillins are medicines that kill bacteria or prevent their growth.
Purpose
Penicillins are antibiotics (medicines used to treat infections caused by microorganisms). There are several types of Penicillins, each used to treat different kinds of infections, such as skin infections, dental infections, ear infections, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, and other infections caused by bacteria. These drugs will not work for colds, flu, and other infections caused by viruses.
Description
Examples of Penicillins are Penicillin V (Beepen-VK, Pen-Vee K, V-cillin K, Veetids) and Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Polymox, Trimox, Wymox). Penicillins are sometimes combined with other ingredients called Beta-lactamase Inhibitors, which protect the penicillin from bacterial enzymes that may destroy it before it can do its work. The drug Augmentin, for example, contains a combination of Amoxicillin and a beta-lactamase Inhibitor, Clavulanic Acid.
Penicillins are available only with a physician's prescription. They are sold in capsule, tablet (regular and chewable), liquid, and injectable forms.
BARBITURATESBarbiturates are medicines that act on the central nervous system and cause drowsiness and can control seizures.
Purpose
Barbiturates are in the group of medicines known as Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants. Also known as Sedative-hypnotic Drugs, Barbiturates make people very relaxed, calm, and sleepy. These drugs are sometimes used to help patients relax before surgery. Some may also be used to control seizures (convulsions). Although barbiturates have been used to treat nervousness and sleep problems, they have generally been replaced by other medicines for these purposes.
These medicines may become habit-forming and should not be used to relieve everyday anxiety and tension or to treat sleeplessness over long periods.
Description
Barbiturates are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in capsule, tablet, liquid, and injectable forms. Some commonly used barbiturates are Phenobarbital (Barbita) and Secobarbital (Seconal).
LAXATIVESLaxatives are products that promote bowel movements.
Purpose
Laxatives are used to treat constipation - the passage of small amounts of hard, dry stools, usually fewer than three times a week. People who are constipated may find it difficult and even painful to have bowel movements. They may also feel bloated, sluggish, and generally uncomfortable and may have other symptoms such as a dull headache and low back pain. But these symptoms do not always mean that laxatives are necessary. A great deal of misunderstanding exists about their use.
Many people believe that they are constipated and should take a laxative if they do not have a bowel movement every day or if their stools are sometimes hard. However, a wide range in normal bowel habits exists, depending on the individual and his or her diet. Some people have bowel movements as often as three times a day, some only three times a week. Anything within this range is considered normal. In addition, some people's stools are naturally firmer than others.
Occasional constipation can often be treated without laxatives. Increasing the amount of fiber in the diet, drinking enough water and other liquids, such as fruit and vegetable juices, exercising regularly, and setting aside time every day to have a bowel movement are the first steps. These measures will also help prevent constipation from occurring again. If these methods do not relieve the problem, a physician may suggest using a laxative for a limited time. A physician should always be the one to decide when a laxative is needed and which type of laxative should be used.
Description
Laxatives come in various forms - liquids, tablets, suppositories, powders, granules, capsules, chewing gum, chocolate-flavored wafers, and caramels. The basic types of laxatives are bulk-forming laxatives, lubricant laxatives, stool softeners (also called emollient laxatives), and stimulant laxatives.
Bulk-forming Laxatives
Bulk-forming laxatives contain materials, such as cellulose and psyllium, that pass through the digestive tract without being digested. In the intestines, these materials absorb liquid and swell, making the stool soft, bulky, and easier to pass. The bulky stool then stimulates the bowel to move. Laxatives in this group include such brands as FiberCon, Fiberall, and Metamucil.
Lubricant Laxatives
Mineral oil is the mostly widely used Lubricant Laxative. Taken by mouth, the oil coats the stool. This keeps the stool moist and soft and makes it easier to pass. Lubricant laxatives are often used for patients who need to avoid straining - after abdominal surgery, for example.
Stool Softeners (emollient laxatives)
As their name suggests, Stool Softeners make stools softer and easier to pass by increasing their moisture content. This type of laxative does not really stimulate bowel movements, but it makes it possible to have bowel movements without straining. Stool Softeners are best used to prevent constipation in people who need to avoid straining - because of recent surgery, for example. However, they are not very effective at treating existing constipation. Docusate (Colace, Sof-Lax) is an example of a stool softener.
Stimulant Laxatives
Ingredients in these laxatives stimulate muscles and nerves in the intestines. This helps move the stool along. Although these laxatives are popular and effective, they should be used with care, as they are more likely than other types to cause side effects. They may also work more quickly and powerfully than other laxatives. Examples of stimulant laxatives are Bisacodyl (Correctol) and Senna (Senokot).
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORSAngiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors (also called ACE inhibitors) are medicines that block the conversion of the chemical Angiotensin I to a substance that increases salt and water retention in the body.
Purpose
ACE inhibitors are used in the treatment of high blood pressure. They may be used alone or in combination with other medicines for high blood pressure. They work by preventing a chemical in the blood, Angiotensin I, from being converted into a substance that increases salt and water retention in the body. Increased salt and water retention lead to high blood pressure. ACE Inhibitors also make blood vessels relax, which helps lower blood pressure and allows more oxygen-rich blood to reach the heart.
Treating high blood pressure is important because the condition puts a burden on the heart and the arteries, which can lead to permanent damage over time. If untreated, high blood pressure increases the risk of heart attacks, heart failure, stroke, or kidney failure.
ACE inhibitors may also be prescribed for other conditions. For example, Captopril (Capoten) is used to treat kidney problems in people who take insulin to control diabetes. It is also given to some patients after a heart attack. Heart attacks damage and weaken the heart muscle, and the damage continues even after a person recovers from the attack. This medicine helps slow down further damage to the heart. ACE inhibitors also may be used to treat congestive heart failure.
Description
ACE inhibitors are available only with a physician's prescription and come in tablet, capsule, and injectable forms. Some commonly used ACE inhibitors are Benazepril (Lotensin), Captopril (Capoten), Enalapril (Vasotec), Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril), Quinapril (Accupril), and Ramipril (Altace).
ANTI-ANXIETY DRUGS Anti-anxiety Drugs are medicines that calm and relax people with excessive anxiety, nervousness, or tension.
Purpose
Everyone feels nervous or anxious once in awhile. Usually, the feeling is related to something happening in the person's life - an upcoming job interview or a speech to a large audience and it goes away when life is back to normal again. This type of anxiety does not need medical treatment. But some people feel anxious almost all the time, or they respond to slightly stressful events with feelings that are out of proportion to the actual situation. The constant anxiety, irrational worries, and sense of impending doom can seriously interfere with their daily lives. For people with such intense or prolonged anxiety, Anti-anxiety Drugs can help bring their feelings under control and reduce bothersome symptoms such as pounding heartbeat, breathing problems, irritability, nausea, and faintness.
Anti-anxiety Drugs are prescribed for severe general anxiety and for specific anxiety disorders, such as phobias, panic disorder, Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder. Physicians may sometimes prescribe these drugs for other conditions, such as sleep disorders, epilepsy, and other seizure disorders.
Description
There are two main types of Anti-anxiety Drugs, also known as Anxiolytics or Minor Tranquilizers. The family of Anti-anxiety Drugs known as Benzodiazepines includes Alprazolam (Xanax), Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), Diazepam (Valium), and Lorazepam (Ativan). The other widely used Anti-anxiety Drug is Buspirone (BuSpar), which is not a Benzodiazepine.
Benzodiazepines take effect fairly quickly, starting to work within an hour after they are taken. The effects of Buspirone are not felt until the drug has built up to certain levels in the body. People must take it every day for 2-3 weeks before they will notice any effects.
These medicines are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in tablet, capsule, liquid, rectal, and injectable forms.
URINARY ANTI-INFECTIVESUrinary Anti-infectives are medicines used to treat or prevent infections of the urinary tract, the passage through which urine flows from the kidneys out of the body.
Purpose
Normally, no bacteria or other disease-causing organisms live in the bladder. Likewise, the urethra, the tube-like structure that carries urine from the bladder out of the body, usually has either no bacteria or not enough to cause problems. But the bladder, urethra, and other parts of the urinary tract may become infected when disease-causing organisms invade from other body regions or from outside the body. Urinary Anti-infectives are used to treat such infections or to prevent them in people who get them often.
Description
Commonly used urinary Anti-infectives include Methenamine (Urex, Hiprex, Mandelamine), Nalidixic Acid (NegGram) and Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Furatoin, and other brands). These medicines are available only with a physician's prescription and come in capsule, tablet, granule, and liquid forms.
MONO-AMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORSMono-amine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO inhibitors) are medicines that relieve certain types of mental depression.
Purpose
MAO inhibitors are a type of anti-depressant and are used to treat mental depression. Like other Anti-depressant Drugs, MAO Inhibitors help reduce the extreme sadness, hopelessness, and lack of interest in life that are typical in people with depression. MAO Inhibitors are especially useful in treating people whose depression is combined with other problems such as anxiety, panic attacks, phobias, or the desire to sleep too much.
Description
Discovered in the 1950s, MAO Inhibitors work by correcting chemical imbalances in the brain. Normally, natural chemicals called Neuro-transmitters carry signals from one brain cell to another. Some Neuro-transmitters, such as Serotonin and Norepinephrine, play important roles in controlling mood. But other substances in the brain may interfere with mood control by breaking down these Neuro-transmitters. Researchers believe that MAO Inhibitors work by blocking the chemicals that break down Serotonin and Norepinephrine. This gives the Neuro-transmitters more time to do their important work.
Because MAO Inhibitors also affect other chemicals throughout the body, these drugs may produce many unwanted side effects. They can be especially dangerous when taken with certain foods, beverages and medicines. Anyone taking these drugs should ask his or her physician or pharmacist for a list of products to avoid.
MAO Inhibitors are available only with a physician's prescription. They are sold in tablet form. Some commonly used MAO Inhibitors are Isocarboxazid (Marplan), Phenelzine (Nardil), and Tranylcypromine (Parnate).
ANALGESICS, OPIOIDOpioid Analgesics, also known as Narcotic Analgesics, are pain relievers that act on the central nervous system. Like all narcotics, they may become habit-forming if used over long periods.
Purpose
Opioid Analgesics are used to relieve pain from a variety of conditions. Some are used before or during surgery (including dental surgery) both to relieve pain and to make anesthetics work more effectively. They may also be used for the same purposes during labor and delivery.
Description
Opioid Analgesics relieve pain by acting directly on the central nervous system. However, this can also lead to unwanted side effects, such as drowsiness, dizziness, breathing problems, and physical or mental dependence.
Among the drugs in this category are Codeine, Propoxyphene (Darvon), Propoxyphene and Acetaminophen (Darvocet N), Meperidine (Demerol), Hydromorphone (Dilaudid), Morphine, Oxycodone, Oxycodone and Acetaminophen (Percocet, Roxicet), and Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen (Lortab, Anexsia). These drugs come in many forms - tablets, syrups, suppositories, and injections, and are sold only by prescription.
BRONCHODILATORSBronchodilators are medicines that help open the Bronchial Tubes (airways) of the lungs, allowing more air to flow through them.
Purpose
People with Asthma have trouble breathing, because their airways are inflamed and become narrowed. Normally, air moves smoothly from the mouth and nose through the airways and into the tiny air sacs of the lungs as a person breathes in. Breathing out (exhaling) happens automatically when the person stops breathing in.
In a person with Asthma, breathing in (inhaling) is not a problem. Incoming air can slide around the blockage, because the act of breathing in makes the airways expand. The problem comes when the person with asthma tries to breathe out. The air can no longer get past the blockage, and it remains trapped in the lungs. The person can then only take shallow breaths. Bronchodilators work by relaxing the smooth muscles that line the airways. This makes the airways open wider and allows air to leave the lungs. These drugs also are used to relieve breathing problems associated with Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and other lung diseases.
Description
Some Bronchodilators are inhaled, using a Nebulizer or an inhalation Aerosol. Others are taken as injections or by mouth. Most are available only by prescription, but a few, such as Ephedrine, can be bought without a physician's prescription. Examples of Bronchodilators are Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin), Epinephrine (Primatene), Ipratropium (Atrovent), Metaproterenol (Alupent, Metaprel), and Terbutaline (Brethine).
ANTIBIOTICS, OPHTHALMICOphthalmic Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria that cause eye infections.
Purpose
Ophthalmic Antibiotics are applied to the eye, or under the eyelid, to treat eye infections caused by bacteria.
Description
The medicine described here, Tobramycin (Tobrex), comes in the form of eye drops or ointment. It is available only with a physician's prescription.
SMOKING-CESSATION DRUGS Smoking-cessation Drugs are medicines that help people stop smoking cigarettes or using other forms of tobacco.
Purpose
People who smoke cigarettes or use other forms of tobacco often have a difficult time when they try to stop. This is partly because they get in the habit of using tobacco at certain times of day or while they are doing certain things, such as having a cup of coffee or reading the newspaper. But the habit is also hard to break because tobacco contains Nicotine, a drug that some people find as addictive as Cocaine or Heroin. A person who is addicted to Nicotine has withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating and craving for tobacco, when he or she stops using tobacco.
Some people can stop smoking through willpower alone, but most do better if they have support from friends, family, a physician or pharmacist or a formal stop-smoking program. Heavy tobacco users may find that Smoking-Cessation products also help by easing their withdrawal symptoms. Most Smoking-Cessation products contain nicotine, but the Nicotine is delivered in small, steady doses spread out over many hours. In contrast, when a person inhales a cigarette, Nicotine enters the lungs and then travels to the brain within seconds, delivering the "rush" that smokers come to crave. Another difference is that Smoking-Cessation products do not contain the tar and carbon monoxide that make cigarettes so harmful to people's health.
Description
Smoking Cessation Drugs that contain Nicotine are also called Nicotine Substitution products or Nicotine Replacement therapy. These come in four forms-chewing gum, skin patch, nasal spray, and inhaler. Some products are available only with a prescription, but others can be bought over the counter (without a prescription). People who buy the non-prescription products should check with a physician before starting to use them. Some commonly used brands of Smoking Cessation products are Nicoderm, Nicotrol, Habitrol, ProStep, and Nicorette.
Another type of Smoking Cessation drug, Bupropion (Zyban) also reduces craving and withdrawal symptoms, but it contains no Nicotine. The remainder of this entry deals only with smoking cessation drugs that contain Nicotine.
PROTEASE INHIBITORSA Protease Inhibitor is a type of drug that cripples the enzyme Protease. An enzyme is a substance that triggers chemical reactions in the body. The Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) uses protease in the final stages of its reproduction (replication) process.
Purpose
The drug is used to treat selected patients with HIV infection. Blocking protease interferes with HIV reproduction, causing it to make copies of itself that cannot infect new cells. The drug may improve symptoms and suppress the infection but does not cure it.
Description
Protease inhibitors are considered one of the most potent medications for HIV developed so far. This class of drugs includes Indinavir (Crixivan), Ritonavir (Norvir), Nelfinavir (Viracept) and Saquinavir (Invirase or Fortovase). Several weeks or months of drug therapy may be required before the full benefits are apparent.
The drug should be taken at the same time each day. Some types should be taken with a meal to help the body absorb them. Each of the types of protease inhibitor may have to be taken in a different way.
ANTI-DEPRESSANT DRUGSAnti-Depressant Drugs are medicines that relieve symptoms of mental depression.
Purpose
Anti-depressant Drugs are used to treat serious, continuing mental depression that interferes with a person's ability to function. Everyone feels sad, "blue," or discouraged occasionally, but usually those feelings do not interfere with every day life and do not need treatment. However, when the feelings become overwhelming and last for weeks or months, professional treatment can help. Although depression is one of the most common and serious mental disorders, it is also one of the most treatable. If untreated, depression can lead to social withdrawal, physical complaints, such as fatigue, sleep problems, and aches and pains, and even suicide.
The first step in treating depression is an accurate diagnosis by a physician or mental health professional. The physician or mental health professional will ask questions about the person's medical and psychiatric history and will try to rule out other causes, such as thyroid problems or side effects of medicines the person is taking. Lab tests may be ordered to help rule out medical problems. Once a person has been diagnosed with depression, treatment will be tailored to the person's specific problem. The treatment may consist of drugs alone, counseling alone, or drugs in combination with counseling methods such as psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy.
Anti-depressant Drugs help reduce the extreme sadness, hopelessness, and lack of interest in life that are typical in people with depression. These drugs also may be used to treat other conditions, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, premenstrual syndrome, chronic pain, and eating disorders.
Description
Anti-depressant Drugs, also called Anti-depressants, are thought to work by influencing communication between cells in the brain. The drugs affect chemicals called neurotransmitters, which carry signals from one nerve cell to another. These Neuro-transmitters are involved in the control of mood and in other responses and functions, such as eating, sleep, pain, and thinking.
The main types of Anti-depressant Drugs in use today are:
- Tricyclic Anti-depressants, such as Amitriptyline (Elavil), Imipramine (Tofranil), Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
- Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs or Serotonin Boosters), such as fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), and Sertraline (Zoloft)
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO Inhibitors), such as Phenelzine (Nardil), and Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
- Lithium (used mainly to treat manic depression, but also sometimes prescribed for recurring bouts of depression).
Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors act only on the Neuro-transmitter Serotonin, while tricyclic Anti-depressants and MAO Inhibitors act on both Serotonin and another Neuro-transmitter, Norepinephrine, and may also interact with other chemicals throughout the body. Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors have fewer side effects than Tricyclic Anti-depressants and MAO Inhibitors, perhaps because Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors act only on one body chemical, Serotonin.
Because the Neuro-transmitters involved in the control of moods are also involved in other processes, such as sleep, eating, and pain, drugs that affect these Neuro-transmitters can be used for more than just treating depression. Headache, eating disorders, bed-wetting, and other problems are now being treated with Anti-depressants.
All Anti-depressant Drugs are effective, but certain types work best for certain kinds of depression. For example, people who are depressed and agitated do best when they take an anti-depressant drug that also calms them down. People who are depressed and withdrawn may benefit more from an anti-depressant drug that has a stimulating effect.
ALPHA1-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERSAlpha1-adrenergic Blockers are drugs that work by relaxing the blood vessels, allowing blood to pass through more easily.
Purpose
These drugs, called Alpha Blockers for short, are used for two main purposes: to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and to treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), a condition in men in which the prostate gland enlarges.
High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure puts a strain on the heart and the arteries. Over time, hypertension can damage the blood vessels enough to cause stroke, heart failure or kidney failure. People with high blood pressure also may be at higher risk for heart attacks. Controlling high blood pressure makes these problems less likely. By relaxing the blood vessels and letting blood flow through more easily, Alpha Blockers help lower blood pressure.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
This condition is a particular problem for older men. Over time, the prostate, a donut-shaped gland below the bladder, enlarges. When this happens, it may interfere with the passage of urine from the bladder out of the body. Men who have the problem may notice that they have to urinate more often. Or they may feel that they can not completely empty their bladders. Alpha Blockers do not shrink the prostate. But by relaxing muscles in the prostate and the bladder, these drugs may allow urine to flow more freely.
Description
Commonly prescribed Alpha Blockers include Doxazosin (Cardura) and Terazosin (Hytrin). Both are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in tablet form.
TETRACYCLINESTetracyclines are medicines that kill certain infection-causing micro-organisms.
Purpose
Tetracyclines are called "Broad-spectrum" Antibiotics, because they can be used to treat a wide variety of infections. Physicians may prescribe these drugs to treat eye infections, pneumonia, Gonorrhea, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, urinary tract infections, and other infections caused by bacteria. The medicine is also used to treat acne. The Tetracyclines will not work for colds, flu, and other infections caused by viruses.
Description
Tetracyclines are available only with a physician's prescription. They are sold in capsule, tablet, liquid, and injectable forms. Some commonly used medicines in this group are Tetracycline (Achromycin V, Sumycin) and Doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin).
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| Anti-Hemorrhoid Drugs are medicines that reduce the swelling and relieve the discomfort of hemorrhoids (swellings in the area around the anus).
Purpose
Hemorrhoids are bulges in the veins that supply blood to the skin and membranes of the area around the anus. They may form for various reasons. Frequent heavy lifting, sitting for long periods, or straining to have bowel movements may put stress on anal tissues, which can lead to hemorrhoids. Some women develop hemorrhoids during pregnancy as the expanding uterus puts pressure on the anal tissues. The strain of labor and delivery can also cause hemorrhoids or make existing hemorrhoids worse. Hemorrhoids sometimes result from certain medical problems, such as tumors pressing on the lower bowel.
The main symptoms of hemorrhoids are bleeding from the rectum, especially after a bowel movement, and itching, burning, pain and general discomfort in the anal area. Over-the-counter anti-hemorrhoid products can relieve many of these symptoms. The products contain combinations of four main types of ingredients: - Local Anaesthetics such as Benzocaine, Lidocaine and Tetracaine, to temporarily relieve the pain.
- Vasoconstrictors, such as Epinephrine Base, Epinephrine Hydrochloride, Ephedrine Sulfate and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride that reduce swelling and relieve itching and discomfort by tightening blood vessels.
- Astringents (drying agents), such as Witch Hazel, Calamine, and Zinc Oxide. These help shrink hemorrhoids by pulling water out of the swollen tissue. This, in turn, helps relieve itching, burning, and irritation.
- Protectants, such as Cocoa Butter, Lanolin, Glycerin, Mineral Oil, and Shark Liver Oil which soothe irritated tissues and form a protective barrier to prevent further irritation.
Description
Anti-Hemorrhoid Drugs are available as creams, ointments and suppositories. Most can be bought without a physician's prescription.
ANTI- ACNE DRUGS
Anti-acne drugs are medicines that help clear up pimples, black heads, white heads, and more severe forms of acne.
Purpose
Different types of anti--acne drugs are used for different purposes. For example, lotions, soaps, gels, and creams containing benzoyl peroxide or tretinoin may be used to clear up mild to moderately severe acne. Isotretinoin is prescribed only for very severe, disfiguring acne.
ANTISEPTICSAntiseptics are medicines that slow or stop the growth of germs and help prevent infections in minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.
Purpose
Antiseptics are applied to the skin to keep bacteria from getting into wounds and causing infection. Although Antiseptics do not usually kill bacteria, they do weaken them and slow their growth.
Simply applying an Antiseptic to a wound is not adequate treatment. The wound should be cleaned first and in most cases it should be covered with a bandage or other type of dressing to keep it clean and moist while it heals. However, some Antiseptics, such as Phenol, can damage the skin if the wound is covered after they are applied. Others, such as Hydrogen Peroxide and Iodine should be allowed to dry completely before the wound is covered.
Because Antiseptics can irritate the skin and even interfere with the healing process, they should be used sparingly. Some medical experts advise people to use antibiotic ointments instead of Antiseptics because they can actually kill the bacteria that may cause a wound to become infected.
Description
Some commonly used Antiseptics are Isopropyl Alcohol, Hydrogen Peroxide, Iodine, Phenol, Methyl Salicylate and Thymol. Most of the antiseptic products on the market contain one or more of these ingredients. These products can be bought without a doctor's prescription.
ANALGESICSAnalgesics are medicines that relieve pain.
Purpose
Analgesics are prescribed to relieve pain of all sorts - headaches , backaches, joint pain, sore muscles, menstrual cramps and pain that results from surgery, injury or illness. While these drugs do not treat whatever is causing the pain, they can provide enough relief to make people more comfortable and to allow them to carry out their daily routines.
Throughout human history, people have sought ways to reduce pain. Until modern times, only a few effective Analgesics existed. But today, a wide range of pain relievers are available.
Description
Pain is the body's signal that something is wrong. Pain can result from an injury, such as a broken bone, a burn or a sprain; from overuse of muscles (including muscle tension due to stress); from infections, such as sinus infections or Meningitis; or from natural events, such as child birth.
Pain begins at the level of the cells. In response to injury or inflammation, cells release chemical messengers. These chemical messengers alert other specialized cells called Pain Receptors. The Pain Receptors send signals to the brain. The brain interprets the signals, and we perceive pain. Analgesics work by either blocking the signals that go to the brain or by interfering with the brain's interpretation of the signals.
Among the most common Analgesics are Aspirin, Choline Salicylate, Magnesium Salicylate and Sodium Salicylate. Ibuprofen, Naproxen Sodium and Ketoprofen are all in the general category known as Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs relieve pain and also reduce inflammation. Another common analgesic, Acetaminophen provides pain relief but does not reduce inflammation.
Determining the best pain reliever depends, in part, on the type of pain. The two main categories are acute pain and chronic pain.
ASPIRINAspirin is a medicine that relieves pain and reduces fever.
Purpose
Aspirin is used to relieve many kinds of minor aches and pains--headaches, toothaches , muscle pain, menstrual cramps, the joint pain from arthritis, and aches associated with colds and flu. Some people take aspirin daily to reduce the risk of stroke, heart attack, or other heart problems.
Description
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is sold over the counter and comes in many forms, from the familiar white tablets to chewing gum and rectal suppositories. Coated, chewable, buffered, and extended release forms are available. Many other over-the-counter medicine contain Aspirin. Alka-Seltzer Original Effervescent Antacid Pain Reliever, for example, contains aspirin for pain relief and sodium bicarbonate to relieve acid indigestion, heartburn, and sour stomach.
Aspirin belongs to a group of drugs called Salicylates. Other members of this group include Sodium Salicylate, Choline Salicylate, and Magnesium Salicylate. These drugs are more expensive and no more effective than aspirin. However, they are a little easier on the stomach. Aspirin is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and provides quick and relatively long-lasting pain relief. Aspirin also reduces inflammation. Researchers believe these effects come about because aspirin blocks the production of pain-producing chemicals called prostaglandins.
In addition to relieving pain and reducing inflammation, aspirin also lowers fever by acting on the part of the brain that regulates temperature. The brain then signals the blood vessels to widen, which allows heat to leave the body more quickly. ANTACIDSAntacids are medicines that neutralize stomach acid.
Purpose
Antacids are used to relieve acid indigestion, upset stomach, sour stomach, and heartburn. Some antacid products also contain the ingredient Simethicone to relieve gas.
Description
Antacids are taken by mouth and work by neutralizing excess stomach acid. They contain ingredients such as Aluminum Hydroxide, Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide, and Sodium Bicarbonate, alone or in various combinations. Antacid products may also contain other ingredients.
Antacids differ in how quickly they work and how long they provide relief. Those that dissolve rapidly in the stomach, such as Magnesium Hydroxide and Sodium Bicarbonate, bring the fastest relief. Antacids that contain Calcium Carbonate or Aluminum dissolve more slowly and can take up to 30 minutes to begin working. The longer an antacid stays in the stomach, the longer it works. Those that contain Calcium Carbonate or Aluminum work longer than those that contain Sodium Bicarbonate or Magnesium. Also, taking any kind of antacid after a meal, instead of on an empty stomach, provides longer-lasting relief because the medicine stays in the stomach longer.
Among the brands of antacid products on the market are Alka-Seltzer, Maalox, Mylanta, Tums, and Rolaids. Generic forms are also available. These products can be bought without a prescription and come in tablet (regular and chewable), lozenge, and liquid forms.
ANTI-HISTAMINESAnti-Histamines are medicines that relieve or prevent the symptoms of Hay Fever and other kinds of allergy.
Purpose
An allergy is a condition in which the body becomes unusually sensitive to some substance, such as pollen, mold spores, dust particles, certain foods, or medicines. These substances, known as Allergens, cause no unusual reactions in most people. But in people who are sensitive to them, exposure to Allergens causes the immune system to overreact. The main reaction is the release of a chemical called Histamine from specialized cells in the body tissues. Histamine causes such familiar and annoying allergy symptoms as sneezing, itching, runny nose, and watery eyes.
As their name suggests, Anti-histamines block the effects of Histamine, reducing allergy symptoms. When used for this purpose, they work best when taken before symptoms are too severe. Anti-histamine creams and ointments may be used to temporarily relieve itching. Some Anti-histamines are also used to treat motion sickness, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. And because some cause drowsiness, they may be used as sleep aids.
Description
Some Anti-histamine products are available only with a physician's prescription. Others can be bought without a prescription. These drugs come in many forms, including tablets, capsules, liquids, injections and suppositories. Some common Anti-histamines are Astemizole (Hismanal), Brompheniramine (Dimetane, Dimetapp), Chlorpheniramine (Deconamine), Clemastine (Tavist), Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), Doxylamine (an ingredient in sleep aids such as Unisom and Vicks NyQuil), Loratadine (Claritin), and Promethazine (Phenergan).
ANTI-GAS AGENTSAnti-gas Agents are medicines that relieve the uncomfortable symptoms of too much gas in the stomach and intestines.
Purpose
Excess gas can build up in the stomach and intestines for a number of reasons. Eating high-fiber foods, such as beans, grains, and vegetables is one cause. Some people unconsciously swallow air when they eat, drink, chew gum, or smoke cigarettes, which can lead to uncomfortable amounts of gas in the digestive system. Surgery and certain medical conditions, such as irritable colon, Peptic Ulcer, and Diverticulosis, can also lead to gas build-up.
Certain intestinal parasites can contribute to the production of severe gas - these parasites need to be treated separately with special drugs. Abdominal pain, pressure, bloating, and flatulence are signs of too much gas. Anti-gas Agents help relieve the symptoms by preventing the formation of gas pockets and breaking up gas that already is trapped in the stomach and intestines.
Description
Anti-gas Agents are sold as capsules, liquids, and tablets (regular and chewable) and can be bought without a physician's prescription. Some commonly used brands are Gas-X, Flatulex, Mylanta Gas Relief, Di-Gel, and Phazyme. The ingredient that helps relieve excess gas is simethicone. Simethicone does not relieve acid indigestion, but some products also contain antacids for that purpose.
ANTI- FUNGAL DRUGSSystemic Anti-Fungal Drugs are medicines taken by mouth or by injection to treat infections caused by a fungus.
Purpose
Systemic Anti-Fungal Drugs are used to treat infections in various parts of the body that are caused by a fungus. A fungus is a one-celled form of life. Unlike a plant, which makes its own food, or an animal, which eats plants or other animals, a fungus survives by invading and living off other living things. Fungi thrive in moist, dark places, including some parts of the body.
Description
Systemic Anti-Fungal Drugs, such as Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, and Miconazole are available only by prescription. They are available in tablet, capsule, liquid, and injectable forms.
COUGH SUPPRESSANTSCough Suppressants are medicines that prevent or stop coughing.
Purpose
Cough Suppressants act on the center in the brain that controls the cough reflex. They are meant to be used only to relieve dry, hacking coughs associated with colds and flu. They should not be used to treat coughs that bring up mucus or the chronic coughs associated with smoking, Asthma, Emphysema or other lung problems.
Many cough medicines contain cough suppressants along with other ingredients. Some combinations of ingredients may cancel each other's effects. One example is the combination of cough suppressant with an expectorant - a medicine that loosens and clears mucus from the airways. The cough suppressant interferes with the ability to cough up the mucus that the expectorant loosens.
Description
The cough suppressant Dextromethorphan, is an ingredient in many cough medicines. These medicines come in capsule, tablet, lozenge and liquid forms and are available without a physician's prescription. DECONGESTANTSDecongestants are medicines used to relieve nasal congestion (stuffy nose).
Purpose
A congested or stuffy nose is a common symptom of colds and allergies. This congestion results when membranes lining the nose become swollen. Decongestants relieve the swelling by narrowing the blood vessels that supply blood to the nose. This reduces the blood supply to the swollen membranes, causing the membranes to shrink.
These medicines do not cure colds or reverse the effects of histamines - chemicals released as part of the allergic reaction. They will not relieve all of the symptoms associated with colds and allergies, only the stuffiness.
When considering whether to use a decongestant for cold symptoms, keep in mind that most colds go away with or without treatment and that taking medicine is not the only way to relieve a stuffy nose. Drinking hot tea or broth or eating chicken soup may help.
Description
Decongestants are sold in many forms, including tablets, capsules, caplets, gel caps, liqui-caps, liquids, nasal sprays, and nose drops. These drugs are sometimes combined with other medicines in cold and allergy products designed to relieve several symptoms. Some decongestant products require a physician's prescription but there are also many non-prescription (over-the-counter) products.
EXPECTORANTExpectorants are drugs that loosen and clear mucus and phlegm from the respiratory tract.
Purpose
The drug described here, Guaifenesin, is a common ingredient in cough medicines. It is classified as an expectorant, a medicine that helps clear mucus and other secretions from the respiratory tract. However, some debate exists about how effectively Guaifenesin does this. In addition, some cough medicines contain other ingredients that may cancel out Guaifenesin's effects. Cough Suppressants such as Codeine, for example, work against Guaifenesin because they discourage coughing up the secretions that the expectorant loosens.
There are other ways to loosen and clear the respiratory secretions associated with colds. These include using a humidifier and drinking 6-8 glasses of water a day.
Description
Guaifenesin is an ingredient in many cough medicines, such as anti--Tuss, Dristan Cold & Cough, Guaifed, GuaiCough, and some Robitussin products. Some products that contain Guaifenesin are available only with a physician's prescription; others can be bought without a prescription. They come in several forms, including capsules, tablets, and liquids.
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs are medicines that relieve pain, swelling, stiffness, and inflammation.
Purpose
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed for a variety of painful conditions, including Arthritis, Bursitis, Tendinitis, Gout, menstrual cramps, sprains, strains, and other injuries.
Description
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs relieve pain, stiffness, swelling, and inflammation, but they do not cure the diseases or injuries responsible for these problems. Some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be bought over the counter; others are available only with a prescription from a physician or dentist.
VASODILATORVasodilators are medicines that act directly on muscles in blood vessel walls to make blood vessels widen (dilate).
Purpose
Vasodilators are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension ). By widening the arteries, these drugs allow blood to flow through more easily, reducing blood pressure. Controlling high blood pressure is important because the condition puts a burden on the heart and the arteries, which can lead to permanent damage over time. If untreated, high blood pressure increases the risk of heart attacks, heart failure, stroke, or kidney failure. Vasodilators usually are prescribed with other types of blood pressure drugs and rarely are used alone.
Description
Examples of Vasodilators are Hydralazine (Apresoline) and Minoxidil (Loniten). The Vasodilator Hydralazine also may be used to control high blood pressure in pregnant women or to bring down extremely high blood pressure in emergency situations. In the forms used for treating high blood pressure (tablets or injections), these drugs are available only with a physician's prescription. A liquid form of Minoxidil, used to promote hair growth in people with certain kinds of baldness and is applied directly to the scalp, is sold without a prescription.
SMOKING-CESSATION DRUGS Smoking-cessation Drugs are medicines that help people stop smoking cigarettes or using other forms of tobacco.
Purpose
People who smoke cigarettes or use other forms of tobacco often have a difficult time when they try to stop. This is partly because they get in the habit of using tobacco at certain times of day or while they are doing certain things, such as having a cup of coffee or reading the newspaper. But the habit is also hard to break because tobacco contains Nicotine, a drug that some people find as addictive as Cocaine or Heroin. A person who is addicted to Nicotine has withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating and craving for tobacco, when he or she stops using tobacco.
Some people can stop smoking through willpower alone, but most do better if they have support from friends, family, a physician or pharmacist or a formal stop-smoking program. Heavy tobacco users may find that Smoking-Cessation products also help by easing their withdrawal symptoms. Most Smoking-Cessation products contain nicotine, but the Nicotine is delivered in small, steady doses spread out over many hours. In contrast, when a person inhales a cigarette, Nicotine enters the lungs and then travels to the brain within seconds, delivering the "rush" that smokers come to crave. Another difference is that Smoking-Cessation products do not contain the tar and carbon monoxide that make cigarettes so harmful to people's health.
Description
Smoking Cessation Drugs that contain Nicotine are also called Nicotine Substitution products or Nicotine Replacement therapy. These come in four forms-chewing gum, skin patch, nasal spray, and inhaler. Some products are available only with a prescription, but others can be bought over the counter (without a prescription). People who buy the non-prescription products should check with a physician before starting to use them. Some commonly used brands of Smoking Cessation products are Nicoderm, Nicotrol, Habitrol, ProStep, and Nicorette.
Another type of Smoking Cessation drug, Bupropion (Zyban) also reduces craving and withdrawal symptoms, but it contains no Nicotine. The remainder of this entry deals only with smoking cessation drugs that contain Nicotine.
ANTIBIOTICS, TOPICALTopical Antibiotics are medicines applied to the skin to kill bacteria.
Purpose
Topical Antibiotics help prevent infections caused by bacteria that get into minor cuts, scrapes, and burns. Treating minor wounds with Antibiotics allows quicker healing. If the wounds are left untreated, the bacteria will multiply, causing pain, redness, swelling, itching, and oozing. Untreated infections can eventually spread and become much more serious.
Different kinds of Topical Antibiotics kill different kinds of bacteria. Many antibiotic first-aid products contain combinations of antibiotics to make them effective against a broad range of bacteria.
When treating a wound, it is not enough to simply apply a Topical Antibiotic. The wound must first be cleaned with soap and water and patted dry. After the antibiotic is applied, the wound should be covered with a dressing, such as a bandage or a protective gel or spray. For many years, it was thought that wounds heal best when exposed to the air. But now most experts say it is best to keep wounds clean and moist while they heal. The covering should still allow some air to reach the wound, however.
Description
Some topical antibiotics are available without a prescription and are sold in many forms, including creams, ointments, powders, and sprays. Some widely used topical antibiotics are Bacitracin, Neomycin, Mupirocin and Polymyxin B. Among the products that contain one or more of these ingredients are Bactroban (a prescription item), Neosporin, Polysporin, and Triple antibiotic Ointment or Cream.
Source: Pharmaceutical and Drug Manufacturers
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| | A quick reference list of commonly used abbrevations in product information leaflets and literature | | 1 | ACE | Angiotensin converting enzyme | 56 | IVU | Intravenous urography | | | | | | | | | 2 | ACTH | Adreocorticotrophic hormone | 57 | JVP | Jugular venous pressure | | | | | | | | | 3 | ADH | Antidinratic hormone | 58 | LA | Left atrium | | | | | | | | | 4 | ADHD | Attention deficit hypersensitivity | 59 | LBBB | Left bundle branch block | | | | disorder | | | | | | | | 60 | LDH | Lactate dehydrogenase | | 5 | AF | Atrial fibrillation | | | | | | | | 61 | LDL | Low density lipoprotein | | 6 | AIDS | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | | | | | | | | 62 | LFT | Liver function test | | 7 | ALL | Acutelymphoblastic leukemia | | | | | | | | 63 | LH | Lutenizing hormone | | 8 | ALT | Alanine Transaminase | | | | | | | | 64 | LVF | Left ventricular failure | | 9 | AML | Acute myeloid anaemia | | | | | | | | 65 | MCV | Mean cell Volume | | 10 | ANF | Antinuclear factor | | | | | | | | 66 | MI | Myocardial infarction | | 11 | ASD | Atrial septal defect | | | | | | | | 67 | MSU | Midstream urine | | 12 | ASO | Antistreptolysin O | | | | | | | | 68 | MTP | Metatarso phalyugeal | | 13 | AST | Aspartate Transaminase | | | | | | | | 69 | NSAID | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | | 14 | ATN | Acutetubular necrosis | | | | | | | | 70 | OCP | Oral contraceptive pill | | 15 | BBB | Bundle branch block | | | | | | | | 71 | OGTT | Oral glucose tolerance test | | 16 | BMT | Bone marrow transplant | | | | | | | | 72 | PA | Pulmonary Artery | | 17 | CABG | Coronary artery bypass graft | | | | | | | | 73 | PABA | Para- amino benzoic acid | | 18 | CAPD | Chronic ambulatory peritoneal | | | | | | | dialysis. | 74 | PAS | Para-amino salicylic acid | | | | | | | | | 19 | CCF | Congestive cardiac failure | 75 | PCP | Pneumocystis carini phenmonia | | 20 | CCU | Coronary care Unit. | | | | | | | | 76 | PCV | Packed cell volume | | 21 | CEA | Carcinoembryonic antigen | | | | | | | | 77 | PDA | Patent ductus arteriosus. | | 22 | CLL | Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia | | | | | | | | 78 | PEEP | Positive-end expiratory pressure | | 23 | CML | Chronic myeloid leukemia | | | | | | | | 79 | PEFR | Peak expiratory flow rate | | 24 | CMV | Cytomegalovirus | | | | | | | | 80 | PPD | Purified protein derivature | | 25 | COLD | Chronic obstructive lung disease | | | | | | | | 81 | PTH | Parathyroid hormone | | 26 | CRF | Chronic renal failure | | | | | | | | 82 | PT | Prothrombin tune | | 27 | CSF | Cerebrospinal fluid | | | | | | | | 83 | PTT | Partial thromboplastin time | | 28 | CT | Computed tomography | | | | | | | | 84 | PUO | Pyrescia of unknown origin | | 29 | CVA | Cerebrovascular accident | | | | | | | | 85 | RA | Rheumatoid arthritis | | 30 | CVP | Central venous pressure | | | | | | | | 86 | RAD | Right anis deviation | | 31 | CXR | Chest X-ray | | | | | | | | 87 | RAG | R antigen | | 32 | DIC | Disseminated intravascular | | | | | | | coagulation | 88 | RAST | RAdioallergrosorbent test | | | | | | | | | 33 | DM | Diabetes mellitus | 89 | RVF | Right ventricular failure | | | | | | | | | 34 | DU | Duodenal Ulcer | 90 | SBE | Subacute bacterial endocarditis | | | | | | | | | 35 | DVT | Deep Venous Thrombosis | 91 | SLE | Systemic Lupus Erythrematosus | | | | | | | | | 36 | EBV | Esptein - Barr Virus | 92 | SVT | Supraventricular tachycardia | | | | | | | | | 37 | ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | 93 | TIA | Transient ischemic attack | | | | | | | | | 38 | EMG | Electromyography | 94 | SVC | Superior Venacava | | | | | | | | | 39 | ESR | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | 95 | TPHA | Treponema pallidum hemagglutination | | | | | | | | | 40 | FFP | Fresh frozen plasma | 96 | TPN | Total parenteral nutrition | | | | | | | | | 41 | FTA | Flouroscent treponemal antibody test | 97 | TRH | Thyroid Releasing Hormone | | | | | | | | | 42 | FVC | Forced Vital Capacity | 98 | TSH | Thyroid stimulating hormone | | | | | | | | | 43 | GABA | Gamma aminobutyric acid | 99 | TURP | Transurethral resection of prostate | | | | | | | | | 44 | GFR | Glomeruler filtration rate | 100 | U&E | Urea and Electrolyte | | | | | | | | | 45 | HBV | Hepatitis B Virus | 101 | UC | Ulcerative colitis | | | | | | | | | 46 | HIV | Human immunodeficiency virus | 102 | URTI | Upper respiratory tract infection | | | | | | | | | 47 | HOCM | Hypertrophic obstruction | 103 | UTI | Urinary tract infection | | | | cardiomyopathy | | | | | | | | 104 | US | Ultrasound | | 48 | HSV | Herpes Simplex Virus | | | | | | | | 105 | VDRL | Venereal disease research laboratory | | 49 | IBD | Inflammatory bowel disease | | | | | | | | 106 | VF | Ventricular fibrillation | | 50 | ICP | Intracramial pressure | | | | | | | | 107 | VLDL | Very low density lipoprotein | | 51 | IDL | Intermediate density lipoprotein | | | | | | | | 108 | VSD | Varticular septal defect | | 52 | IHD | Ischemic heart disease | | | | | | | | 109 | VT | Ventricular tachycardia | | 53 | INR | International normalised Ratio | | | | | | | | 110 | WPW | Wolf - Parkinson - white | | 54 | ITP | Idiopathic thrombocytic purpura | | | | | | | | | | | | 55 | IVC | Inferior Venacava | | | | | | | Compiled by Suresh Sukheja | | | |
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| Instructions You should know and be able to use or interpret the BOLD FACED Latin abbreviations and their English meaning. The complete Latin equivalent is not required. This list has been selected from the typical Latin abbreviation listing and represents those abbreviations widely used in veterinary medicine. You should know and be able to use the various terms for weights and measures for the Metric and Apothecaries' systems. For the Apothecaries' system, you need only know the term "grain" and the relationship between "fluid ounces" and "pint". You should be able to interconvert between the systems, those relations that are printed below in bold typeface, using the approximate equivalencies. These conversions are commonly used in veterinary medicine and/or everyday living.
| Abbreviation | Meaning | Latin | | ad.lib. | freely as wanted | ad libitum | | aq. | water | aqua | | b.i.d. | twice a day | bis in die | | cap. | capsule | capula | | c with bar on top | with | cum | | div. | divide | divide | | eq.pts. | equal parts | equalis partis | | gtt. | a drop | gutta | | h. | hour | hora | | no. | number | numero | | O. | pint | octarius | | p.r.n. | as occasion requires | pro re nata | | q.s. | a sufficient quantity | quantum sufficiat | | q4h | every 4 hours | quaque 4 hora | | q6h | every 6 hours | quaque 6 hora | | q1d | every day | quaque 1 die | | q1w | every week | | | q.i.d. | four times a day | quater in die | | s.i.d. | once a day | semel in die | | Sig., S. | write on the label | signa | | stat. | immediately | statim | | tab. | a tablet | tabella | | t.i.d. | three times a day | ter in die |
Weights and measures used in prescribing and toxicology | The Metric System | | Weight | | | 1 picogram (pg) | 10-12 gram | | 1000 picograms | 1 nanogram (ng) or 10-9 gram | | 1000 nanograms | 1 microgram (ug) or 10-6 gram | | 1000 micrograms | 1 milligram (mg) or 10-3 gram | | 1000 milligrams | 1 gram (g) | | 1000 grams | 1 kilogram (kg) | | Volume | | | 1000 milliliters (ml) | 1 liter (L) | Be able to interconvert all of these values
Prefixes for volumes correspond to those for weight. |
IMPORTANT: Know that 1 part per million (ppm) is a frequently used term in toxicology and drug residue discussions. For example, the following are 1 ppm:
1 mg / kg, 1 mcg/g. An analogy is "Percent" that represents 1 part per hundred, i.e., 1 g/100 g = 1% w/w. The expression "w/w" indicates that the amount of both substances is on a weight basis. It is assumed that ppm is w/w unless otherwise specified. |
| The Apothecaries' System | | Weight | | | 20 grains (gr) | 1 scruple ( ) | | 3 scruples | 1 dram( ) = 60 grains | | 8 drams | 1 ounce ( ) = 480 grains | | Volume | | | 60 minims (m) | 1 fluid dram ( ) | | 8 fluid drams | 1 fluid ounce ( ) | | 16 fluid ounces | 1 pint (O.) | | Know eqivalents in bold faced typed |
Conversion Equivalents| | Approximate | Exact | | 1 milligram | 1/60 grain | 1/65 grain | | 1 gram | 15 grains | 15.432 grains | | 1 kilogram | 2.2 pounds* | 2.2 pounds* | | 1 milliliter | 15 minims | 16.23 minims | | 1 liter | 1 quart | 1.06 quarts or 33.8 fluid ounces | | 1 grain | 60 milligrams | 65 milligrams | | 1 dram | 4 grams | 3.88 grams | | 1 ounce | 30 grams | 31.1 grams | | 1 pound* | 450 grams | 454 grams | | 1 minim | 0.06 milliliter | 0.062 milliliter | | 1 fluid dram | 4 milliliters | 3.7 milliliters | | 1 fluid ounce | 30 milliliters | 29.57 milliliters | | 1 pint | 500 milliliters | 473 milliliters | | 1 quart | 1000 milliters | 946 milliliters | | 1 drop | 1 minim | | | 1 teaspoonful | 5 milliliters | | | 1 dessertspoonful | 8 milliliters | | | 1 tablespoonful | 15 milliliters | | Know equivalents in bold faced type.
Note: Where possible, use suitable units rather than decimal fractions, e.g., 10 mg not 0.010 g. When a decimal fraction is used the decimal point must be preceded by a zero, e.g., 0.5 not .5.
* = avoirdupois pound (the one used in the USA!) |
Conversion factors for obtaining approximate equivalents | To convert | To | Multiply by | | gr/lb | mg/lb | 60 | | gr/lb | mg/kg | 143 | | mg/lb | gr/lb | 0.015 | | mg/lb | mg/kg | 2.2 | | mg/kg | gr/lb | 0.007 | | mg/kg | mg/lb | 0.45 | | Know conversions in bold typeface |
Source: http://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com/pharmaceutical-glossary/pharmaceutical-abbreviations.html | | |
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